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PSYC100 > CH3 > Flashcards

CH3 Flashcards

1
Q

neurons

A

cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform info-processing tasks

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2
Q

cell body

A

largest component of neuron coordinates info-processing tasks keeps cell alive (protein synthesis, nrg produc., metabolism)

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3
Q

dendrites

A

receive info from other neurons and relay it to cell body contains receptors to receive neurotransmitters

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4
Q

axon

A

carries info to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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5
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulating layer of fatty material composed of glial cells (support cells in nervous system)

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6
Q

four main functions of glial cells

A
  1. surround neurons; hold them in place 2. supply nutrients & oxygen to neurons 3. insulate one neuron from another (like black electrical tape) 4. destroy and remove dead neurons
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7
Q

are there more neurons or glial cells? how much more?

A

10-50X more glial cells (cause one idiot can make a big mess)

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8
Q

synapse

A

junction between neurons (the axon of one and the dendrite/cell body of another)

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9
Q

what are the three different types of neurons?

A

sensory, motor, interneurons

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10
Q

sensory neurons

A

receive info from external world convey info to brain via spinal cord

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11
Q

motor neurons

A

carry signals from spinal cord to muscles to produce movement

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12
Q

interneurons

A

connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons

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13
Q

resting potential

A

difference in electric charge between inside and outside of a neuron’s membrane (-70 millivolts)

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14
Q

action potential

A

electric signal conducted along length of neuron’s axon to a synapse

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15
Q

refractory period

A

time following an action potential where neuron cannot fire again

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16
Q

describe the biological process of a neuron firing

A

resting potential: ideal circumstances, K+ molecules flow freely across cell membrane, Na+ kept outside action potential: electric stimulation of neuron shuts down K+ channels and opens Na+ channels, Na goes into axon, triggering action potential creates ion gradient, pump in cell membrane moves Na out and K in

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17
Q

terminal buttons

A

knob like structures that branch out from an axon filled with neurotransmitters

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18
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that transmit info across synapse to a receiving neuron’s dendrites

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19
Q

receptors

A

parts of the cell membrane that receive neurotransmitters will either initiate or prevent a new electric signal

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20
Q

Acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter activates muscles to initiate motor behaviour regulates attention, learning, sleep, dreaming associated with Alzheimer’s

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21
Q

Dopamine

A

neurotransmitter regulates motor behaviour, motivation, pleasure, emotional arousal high levels linked to schizophrenia, low levels to Parkinson’s

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22
Q

Glutamate

A

major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain enhances transmission of info between neurons

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23
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

primary inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain tends to stop firing of neuron

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24
Q

nonrepinephrine

A

involved in states of vigilance, heightened awareness of dangers in environment

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25
Q

seratonin

A

involved in regulation of sleep & wakefulness, eating, aggressive behaviour

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26
Q

endorphins

A

chemicals that act within the pain pathways and emotion centres of the brain tl;dr dulls pain, elevates mood

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27
Q

agonist vs antagonist

A

agonist: excess neurons due to more production, or drugs enhancing their effects antagonist: drugs that block receptor sites (body stops producing natural amount, get off drugs and you’re in withdrawal)

28
Q

describe the nervous system

A
29
Q

sympathstic vs parasympathetic

A

sympathetic: preps body for challenging/threatening situations
parasympathetic: body @ normal state

30
Q

spinal reflexes

A

simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle constrictions

31
Q

hind brain

A

area of brain that coordinates info coming in and out of spinal cord

includes the medulla, reticular formation, pons, and cerebellum

32
Q

medulla

A

extension of spinal cord into skull

coordinates heart rate, circulation, respiration

33
Q

reticular formation

A

inside medulla, leads to cluster of neurons

regulates sleep, wakefulness, levels of arousal

34
Q

cerebellum

A

large structure of hindbrain that controls fine motor skills

35
Q

pons

A

structure that relays info from cerebellum to rest of brain

36
Q

midbrain

A

two main structures: tectum and tegmentum

37
Q

tectum

A

orients organism in the environment;

receives stimuli from eyes, ears, skin

move organism in a coordinated way towards stimulus

38
Q

tegmentum

A

involved in movement and arousal

orients organism towards sensory stimuli

39
Q

forebrain

A

highest level of the brain

controls complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, motor functions

divided into cerebral and subcortical structures

40
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outermost layer of brain, visible to naked eye, divided into two hemispheres

41
Q

subcortical structures

A

structures nestled deep inside the brain

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, limbic system, basal ganglia

42
Q

thalamus

A

relays and filters info from the senses and transmits that to the cerebral cortex

43
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, sexual behaviour

also part of limbic system

44
Q

pituitary gland

A

“master gland”

releases hormones that directs other glands in the body

45
Q

limbic system

A

group of forebrain structures

hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala

motivation, emotion, learning, memory

46
Q

hippocampus

A

SEAHORSE

critical for memory formation

integrates memories into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored in other parts of the cerebral cortex

47
Q

amygdala

A

emotional processes, formation of emotional memories

attaches significance ot neural events with fear, punishment, reward

48
Q

basal ganglia

A

set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements

receives input from cerebral cortex, sends output to motor centers of brain

49
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects the large areas of the cerebral cortex, supports communication of info across hemispheres

50
Q

occipital lobe

A

processes visual info

51
Q

parietal lobe

A

processing info about touch

contains somatosensory cortex

52
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing and language

process info into meaningful units (speech and words)

visual association area, interpret meaning of visual stimuli, recognize common objects

53
Q

frontal lobe

A

specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, judgment

contains motor complex

54
Q

association area

A

composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to info registered in the cortex

55
Q

mirror neurons

A

found in frontal and parietal lobe

activated when doing an action, and while seeing another do that action (mirroring)

56
Q

brain plasticity

A

adapting to changes in sensory input

functions assigned to certain areas of the brain can be assigned to another

57
Q

ontogeny vs phylogeny

A

development of brain within an individual vs within a species

(individually, humans develop quickly. as a species, slowly)

58
Q

genes

A

major unit of hereditary transmission

(inheritence)

organized into strands; chromosomes

59
Q

degree of relatedness

A

probability of sharing genes

monozygotic (identical twins): shares 100%

dizygotic (fraternal twins): share 50%

60
Q

epigenetics

A

environmental influences that determine whether or not genes are expressed, and the degree to which they are expressed

does not alter the basic DNA sequences that constitute those genes

61
Q

epigenetic marks

A

chemical modifications to DNA that can turn genes on or off

62
Q

DNA methylation

A

special enzymes (aka epigenetic writers)

adds methyl groups to DNA

doesn’t alter sequence but switches off the methylated gene

63
Q

Histone modification

A

adding chemical modifications to proteins (Histones), which are involved in packaging DNA

does not alter DNA code

can switch on OR off (as opposed to DNA methylation)

64
Q

Heritability

A

using genetic factors to account for differences in behavioural traits

65
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalograph

device used to record electrical activity in the brain

PSYC100 (7 decks)

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