CH7

Question 1

What are the three types of learning?

Answer 1

Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, Cognitive learning

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

when two things become associated with one another

associating a neural stimulus with a natural reflex (Pavlov)

YOU NEED TO HAVE A NATURAL REFLEX

Question 3

Operant conditioning

Answer 3

associate responses with specific consequences

occurs over time

Question 4

Cognitive learning

Answer 4

acquiring new behaviours & info thru observation and information

NOT DIRECT EXPERIENCE

Question 5

learning

Answer 5

process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in behaviour or capabilities

(adaption)

Question 6

Habituation

Answer 6

simplest form of learning, occurs in CNS

decrease in response to a repeated stimulus
e.g. getting used to or bored of something

Question 7

how is sensory adaptation different from habituation?

Answer 7

sensory adaptation happens in sensory neurons

habituation happens in CNS

Question 8

sensitization

Answer 8

increase in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus (opposite of habituation)

become more aware, increase in intensity

Question 9

associative learning

Answer 9

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

idea of how you associate things while learning

Question 10

Pavlov

Answer 10

studied digestive system

discovered classical conditioning thru study with salivation on dogs

Question 11

Factors to classical conditioning

Answer 11

unconditioned stimulus: naturally occurring reaction

unconditioned response: reflexive reaction produced by UNCONDITIONED stimulus

conditioned stimulus: stimulus that is initially neutral

conditioned response: stimulus that triggers response even tho it used to be neutral

Question 12

acquisition phase

Answer 12

classical conditioning

phase of classical conditioning when the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented together

Question 13

extinction

Answer 13

gradual eliminating of a learned response that occurs when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented

Question 14

spontaneous recovery

Answer 14

tendency of a learned behaviour to recover form extinction after a rest period

Question 15

low order conditioning vs higher order

Answer 15

higher order is the association of a conditioned stimulus with ANOTHER conditioned stimulus

Question 16

generalization

Answer 16

classical conditioning, an adaptive function

being able to respond to a new tone that is slightly different from the conditioned one

(generalizing the two tones together)

Question 17

discrimination

Answer 17

loss of generalization; respond to only ONE tone

Question 18

exposure theory & systematic desensitization

Answer 18

exposing the person to what they’re afraid of to separate their fear from the thing itself

Question 19

Watson

Answer 19

taking principles of classical conditioning to see if we can condition fear into someone who had no fear

SO LOL LET’S GO TORTURE A BABY LOOOOL

Question 20

Rescorla-Wagner model

Answer 20

classical conditioning only occurs when the organism has learned to set up an expectation

Question 21

eye blink conditioning research

Answer 21

classical conditioning draws upon implicit memories, not explicit

Question 22

hippocampus

Answer 22

trace conditioning, not delay conditioning

Question 23

amygdala

Answer 23

fear conditioning

Question 24

trace conditioning

Answer 24

trace left in memory, keeps them together

Question 25

Edward Thorndike and the Law of Effect

Answer 25

more like to do stuff that satisfies you than what’s unpleasant

Question 26

operant behaviour

Answer 26

behaviour produced by an organism

has some effect on the environment

Question 27

reinforcer

Answer 27

any stimulus/event that increases the behaviour that led to it

positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement

Question 28

punisher

Answer 28

any stimulus that decreases the behaviour that lead to it

positive punishment (add something)
negative punishment (taking something away)

Question 29

Skinner says that an operant response can lead to these three types of consequences

Answer 29

1. neutral consequence neither increases or decreases the probability that the response will occur
2. reinforcement STRENGTHENS the response, makes it more likely to occur
3. punishment WEAKENS the response or makes it less likely to recur

Question 30

escape conditioning

Answer 30

learn a response to get rid of an aversive stimulus

acquired and maintained thru negative reinforcement

Question 31

delayed gratification

Answer 31

waiting a few years for the positive reinforcement

Question 32

continuous reinforcement

Answer 32

giving a reward every single time

subject acquires the desired effect quickly

Question 33

partial/intermittent reinforcement

Answer 33

giving rewards part of the time

target takes longer to be acquired, but the behaviour lasts longer

Question 34

three-term contingency

Answer 34

discriminative stimulus, response, reinforcer

Question 35

name the 4 different schedules of reinforcement

Answer 35

fixed interval schedule, variable interval schedule, fixed ratio schedule, variable ratio schedule

Question 36

fixed interval schedule

Answer 36

reinforcements presented at fixed time periods (provided that the appropriate response is made)

Question 37

variable interval schedule

Answer 37

behaviour reinforced based on average time that expired since last reinforcement

Question 38

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 38

reinforce behaviour after a set # of responses

Question 39

variable ratio schedule

Answer 39

reinforcement delivered based on a particular average # of responses

Question 40

instinctive drift

Answer 40

(operant conditioning)

tendency to revert to instinctive behaviour

Question 41

Albert Bandura

Answer 41

Bobo doll experiment, observational learning in children (Social cognitive behaviour)

Question 42

observational learning

Answer 42

learning by observing others, imitating models, and learning w/o direct experience

Question 43

social cognitive theories

Answer 43

emphasize how behaviour is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others