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PSYC100 > CH4 > Flashcards

CH4 Flashcards

1
Q

Perception

A

the organization, identification and interpretation of that sensation in order to form a mental picture.

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2
Q

Synesthesia

A

perceptual experience of one senses is evoked by another sense

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3
Q

Transduction

A

when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to the central nervous system (CNS)

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4
Q

Give two examples of transduction

A

Vision, audition (hearing)

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5
Q

Three steps of the sensation process?

A
  1. Reception: stimulation of sensory receptor cells by energy (sound, light, etc) 2. Transduction: transforming cell stimulation into neural impulses 3. Transmission: delivering this neural information to the brain for processing
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6
Q

Sensation

A

the detection of environmental stimuli, such as sounds, objects and smells. (stimulation of a sense organ)

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7
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus (identification on 50% of trials)

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8
Q

Just Noticeable Difference vs Weber’s law

A

minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected

Weber: the just noticeable difference is always a constant proportion despite variations in intensity

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9
Q

Difference threshold

A

minimum difference (colour, pitch, weight, etc) for a person to detect the difference half the time

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10
Q

Signal detection theory

A

whether or not we detect a stimulus reliably (especially w/ background noise) *Detection also depends on psychological factors (eg experience, motivations, alertness)

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11
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as we adapt to current conditions (neurons stop firing, becomes neural noise)

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12
Q

Multitasking effects/consequences?

A
  • fMRI studies: decreases in brain areas - trouble with selective attention
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13
Q

Phase 1: Blood Rush Alert

A

blood goes to anterior prefrontal cortex, switchboard tells brain to concentrate

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14
Q

Phase 2: Find and Execute

A

alert carries electrical charge 1) search query to identify correct neurons to fire to complete a task 2) a command which tells neurons what to do

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15
Q

Phase 3: Disengagement

A

when distracted, mind disengages from mental state, cycles restarts -process is sequential -takes 1/10 of a second

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16
Q

Visual acuity

A

ability to see fine detail

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17
Q

Light waves properties

A

Length: colour Intensity/amplitude: brightness Purity: saturation

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18
Q

Human eye: accomodation

A

process where the eye maintains a clear image on the retina

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19
Q

myopia vs hyperopia

A

myopia: nearsightedness hyperopia: farsightedness

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20
Q

Cones

A

photoreceptor cell, detects color, allows us to focus on fine detail

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21
Q

Rods

A

photoreceptor cells, active under low-light conditions for night vision, more sensitive and numerous than cones

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22
Q

Fovea

A

center of retina where vision is clearest, no rods

23
Q

Receptive field

A

region of the sensory surface that, when simulated, causes a change in the firing rate of that neuron

24
Q

Latera geniculate nucleus; V1

A

part of occipital lobe that contains the primary visual cortex (has feature detectors)

25
Q

Ventral stream

A

(“what is it”), goes to temporal lobe

26
Q

Dorsal stream

A

(“where is it”), goes to the parietal lobe

27
Q

Visual-form agnosia

A

inability to recognize objects by sight

28
Q

Binding problem

A

How features are linked together so that we see UNIFIED objects rather than free-floating or miscombined features

29
Q

Illusory conjunction

A

perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined

30
Q

feature integration theory

A

focused attention is not required to detect the individual features of a stimulus

it is required to bind those individual features together

31
Q

Modularity

A

specific areas in brain respond to specific stimuli (eg. face detectors)

32
Q

Distributed representation

A

patterns of activity across the brain help us identify a given object

33
Q

Binding Problem

A

How features are linked together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-flowing or miscombined features

34
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

A

three types of color receptors: green, red, blue colours perceived are created by stimulating combinations of these cones

35
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

each 3 cone types responds to 2 different wavelengths (red or green, blue or yellow, black or white) explains afterimages

36
Q

Perceptual Grouping/Organization

A

Gestalt, perception involving responding to patterns among stimuli and grouping like patterns together

37
Q

Retinal Disparity vs Binocular Disparity

A

Retinal: results from binocular cues (using both eyes). the more different the views are, the closer the object might be (eg finger sausage)

Binocular: because our eyes are separated, there is a difference in positioning, PROVIDES INFO ABOUT DEPTH

38
Q

Conduction Hearing Loss

A

middle ear isn’t conducting sound well to the cochlea may need hearing aids

39
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss (nerve deafness)

A

receptor cells aren’t sending messages through the auditory nerves, may need a cochlear implant

40
Q

What are the two different types of deafness

A

Conduction Hearing Loss and Sensorineural hearing loss

41
Q

Describe the process it takes to view an image

A

Optic nerve -> thalamus -> V1 (primary visual cortex) Visual field to visual cortex; Right to left and left to right Specialized feature neurons in V1 encodes edges and orientation of feature, patterns determine shape of object Goes to two visual streams; central and dorsal

42
Q

What are the two visual streams and what happens there

A

Ventral: travels ACROSS occipital lobe to temporal lobe, and then encodes info of the object; identifies WHAT Dorsal: travels UP to parietal, encodes WHERE (Orientation, guides your movements)

43
Q

psychophysics

A

measure minimum amount of a stimulus needed for detection

measure strength of a stimulus based on the observer’s sensitivity

44
Q

4 methods of basic detection

A
  1. magnitude - measure size/quantity
  2. matching - adjust one or two stimuli so they look the same
  3. detection - detect small differents between stimuli
  4. adjustment - adjust intensity of light unil it’s barely detectable
45
Q

FORCED CHOICE

4 outcome of signal detection theory

A
  1. hit
  2. miss
  3. false alarm
  4. correct reject
46
Q

information acquisition vs criterion shift

A

info acquisition: looking solely at info present

criterion shift: when personal choice affects the forced choice

47
Q

retina

A

light sensitice tissue lining the back of the eyeball

composed of photoreceptor cells (rods, cones, bipolar and retinal ganglion cells)

48
Q

blind spot

A

location in the visual field that produced no sensation on the retina

49
Q

perceptual constancy

A

even if aspects of sensory signals change, perception doesn’t

e.g. perceives PHOTOS of Sydney Opera house, as well as the WORDS “Sydney Opera”

50
Q

theories of object recognition

A

image-based theory: objects seen before are stored as a template

parts-based recognition: brain deconstructs the objects we see into a collection of parts

51
Q

monocular depth cue

A

aspects of a scene that give information about depth (even when viewed with one eye)

brain relies on distance and size to perceive depth

52
Q

other depth views

linear perspective

texture gradient

interposition

relative height

A

linear perspective: straight lines seem to converge in the distance

texture gradient: e.g. wood chips aren’t as defined in the distance; blend together

interposition: when an item blocks another, it is seen as bigger than the other

relative height: far away objects are higher (mountains, skyscrapers) but closer items are shorter (flower)

53
Q

apparent motion

A

perceiving movement by looking at alternating signals that appear in rapid succession, and that show up in different locations

e.g. waterfall animation

54
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention

PSYC100 (7 decks)

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