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PSYC100 > CH4 > Flashcards

CH4 Flashcards

1
Q

Perception

A

the organization, identification and interpretation of that sensation in order to form a mental picture.

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2
Q

Synesthesia

A

perceptual experience of one senses is evoked by another sense

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3
Q

Transduction

A

when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to the central nervous system (CNS)

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4
Q

Give two examples of transduction

A

Vision, audition (hearing)

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5
Q

Three steps of the sensation process?

A
  1. Reception: stimulation of sensory receptor cells by energy (sound, light, etc) 2. Transduction: transforming cell stimulation into neural impulses 3. Transmission: delivering this neural information to the brain for processing
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6
Q

Sensation

A

the detection of environmental stimuli, such as sounds, objects and smells. (stimulation of a sense organ)

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7
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus (identification on 50% of trials)

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8
Q

Just Noticeable Difference vs Weber’s law

A

minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected

Weber: the just noticeable difference is always a constant proportion despite variations in intensity

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9
Q

Difference threshold

A

minimum difference (colour, pitch, weight, etc) for a person to detect the difference half the time

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10
Q

Signal detection theory

A

whether or not we detect a stimulus reliably (especially w/ background noise) *Detection also depends on psychological factors (eg experience, motivations, alertness)

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11
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as we adapt to current conditions (neurons stop firing, becomes neural noise)

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12
Q

Multitasking effects/consequences?

A
  • fMRI studies: decreases in brain areas - trouble with selective attention
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13
Q

Phase 1: Blood Rush Alert

A

blood goes to anterior prefrontal cortex, switchboard tells brain to concentrate

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14
Q

Phase 2: Find and Execute

A

alert carries electrical charge 1) search query to identify correct neurons to fire to complete a task 2) a command which tells neurons what to do

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15
Q

Phase 3: Disengagement

A

when distracted, mind disengages from mental state, cycles restarts -process is sequential -takes 1/10 of a second

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16
Q

Visual acuity

A

ability to see fine detail

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17
Q

Light waves properties

A

Length: colour Intensity/amplitude: brightness Purity: saturation

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18
Q

Human eye: accomodation

A

process where the eye maintains a clear image on the retina

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19
Q

myopia vs hyperopia

A

myopia: nearsightedness hyperopia: farsightedness

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20
Q

Cones

A

photoreceptor cell, detects color, allows us to focus on fine detail

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21
Q

Rods

A

photoreceptor cells, active under low-light conditions for night vision, more sensitive and numerous than cones

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22
Q

Fovea

A

center of retina where vision is clearest, no rods

23
Q

Receptive field

A

region of the sensory surface that, when simulated, causes a change in the firing rate of that neuron

24
Q

Latera geniculate nucleus; V1

A

part of occipital lobe that contains the primary visual cortex (has feature detectors)

25
Ventral stream
("what is it"), goes to temporal lobe
26
Dorsal stream
("where is it"), goes to the parietal lobe
27
Visual-form agnosia
inability to recognize objects by sight
28
Binding problem
How features are linked together so that we see UNIFIED objects rather than free-floating or miscombined features
29
Illusory conjunction
perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined
30
feature integration theory
focused attention is not required to detect the individual features of a stimulus it is required to bind those individual features together
31
Modularity
specific areas in brain respond to specific stimuli (eg. face detectors)
32
Distributed representation
patterns of activity across the brain help us identify a given object
33
Binding Problem
How features are linked together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-flowing or miscombined features
34
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
three types of color receptors: green, red, blue colours perceived are created by stimulating combinations of these cones
35
Opponent-process theory
each 3 cone types responds to 2 different wavelengths (red or green, blue or yellow, black or white) explains afterimages
36
Perceptual Grouping/Organization
Gestalt, perception involving responding to patterns among stimuli and grouping like patterns together
37
Retinal Disparity vs Binocular Disparity
Retinal: results from binocular cues (using both eyes). the more different the views are, the closer the object might be (eg finger sausage) Binocular: because our eyes are separated, there is a difference in positioning, PROVIDES INFO ABOUT DEPTH
38
Conduction Hearing Loss
middle ear isn't conducting sound well to the cochlea may need hearing aids
39
Sensorineural Hearing Loss (nerve deafness)
receptor cells aren't sending messages through the auditory nerves, may need a cochlear implant
40
What are the two different types of deafness
Conduction Hearing Loss and Sensorineural hearing loss
41
Describe the process it takes to view an image
Optic nerve -\> thalamus -\> V1 (primary visual cortex) Visual field to visual cortex; Right to left and left to right Specialized feature neurons in V1 encodes edges and orientation of feature, patterns determine shape of object Goes to two visual streams; central and dorsal
42
What are the two visual streams and what happens there
Ventral: travels ACROSS occipital lobe to temporal lobe, and then encodes info of the object; identifies WHAT Dorsal: travels UP to parietal, encodes WHERE (Orientation, guides your movements)
43
psychophysics
measure minimum amount of a stimulus needed for detection measure strength of a stimulus based on the observer's sensitivity
44
4 methods of basic detection
1. magnitude - measure size/quantity 2. matching - adjust one or two stimuli so they look the same 3. detection - detect small differents between stimuli 4. adjustment - adjust intensity of light unil it's barely detectable
45
FORCED CHOICE 4 outcome of signal detection theory
1. hit 2. miss 3. false alarm 4. correct reject
46
information acquisition vs criterion shift
info acquisition: looking solely at info present criterion shift: when personal choice affects the forced choice
47
retina
light sensitice tissue lining the back of the eyeball composed of photoreceptor cells (rods, cones, bipolar and retinal ganglion cells)
48
blind spot
location in the visual field that produced no sensation on the retina
49
perceptual constancy
even if aspects of sensory signals change, perception doesn't e.g. perceives PHOTOS of Sydney Opera house, as well as the WORDS "Sydney Opera"
50
theories of object recognition
image-based theory: objects seen before are stored as a template parts-based recognition: brain deconstructs the objects we see into a collection of parts
51
monocular depth cue
aspects of a scene that give information about depth (even when viewed with one eye) brain relies on distance and size to perceive depth
52
other depth views linear perspective texture gradient interposition relative height
linear perspective: straight lines seem to converge in the distance texture gradient: e.g. wood chips aren't as defined in the distance; blend together interposition: when an item blocks another, it is seen as bigger than the other relative height: far away objects are higher (mountains, skyscrapers) but closer items are shorter (flower)
53
apparent motion
perceiving movement by looking at alternating signals that appear in rapid succession, and that show up in different locations e.g. waterfall animation
54
inattentional blindness
failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention

PSYC100 (7 decks)

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