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PSYC100 > CH6 > Flashcards

CH6 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

Ability to store and retrieve info over time, reconstructive/collaborative process

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2
Q

What are the 3 functions of memory?

A

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

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3
Q

Encoding

A

we transform what we perceive/think/feel into an enduring memory

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4
Q

Storage

A

process of maintaining info in memory over time

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5
Q

Retrieval

A

process of bringing to mind info that has been previously encoded/stored

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6
Q

What are the 3 major ways to encode?

A

Elaborative/semantic encoding, visual imagery encoding, organizational encoding (codes do NOT have to conform to original stimulus)

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7
Q

Elaborative/semantic encoding

A

Process of actively relating new info to knowledge that is already in memory

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8
Q

Visual imagery encoding

A

Process of storing new info by converting it into mental pictures, can improve memory

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9
Q

Organizational encoding

A

Process of categorizing info according to the relationships among a series of items

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10
Q

The lower left frontal lobe is active during:

A

semantic recording

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11
Q

The occipital lobe is active during:

A

visual encoding

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12
Q

The upper left frontal lobe is active during:

A

organizational encoding

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13
Q

Sensory memory (also give two types)

A

Storage that holds sensory info for a few seconds or less Iconic/Echoic memory

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14
Q

Iconic memory

A

fast-decaying store of visual info (1 second or less)

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15
Q

Echoic memory

A

fast-decaying store of auditory info (5 seconds or less, eg: last few words of a sentence)

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16
Q

Short-term memory (STM) (3 types)

A

Storage that holds non-sensory info for 15-20 secs (can hold about 7 items) Rehearsal, Chunking, Working Memory

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17
Q

Rehearsal

A

process by keeping info in STM, mentally repeating

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18
Q

Chunking

A

combining small pieces of info into larger clusters, more easily held in STM

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19
Q

Working Memory

A

active maintenance of info in STM

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20
Q

Mnemonic

A

memory aid that uses vivid imagery

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21
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

WE can extend info by rehearsing/repeating out loud

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22
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

focus on meaning/relate info to other things you already know

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23
Q

Central executive

A

working memory subsystem, decides what working memory pays attention too

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24
Q

Visual-spatial pad

A

stores and processes info in a visual/spatial form

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25
Q

Long-term storage

A

no known capacity, people recall items even if they haven’t thought of them for years

26
Q

Describe the flow of info through memory system

A
27
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences, requires recognition

28
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Influence of past experiences on later behavior, even w/o effort or awareness

29
Q

Priming

A

Eg of implicit memory, enhanced ability to think of a stimulus aafter bein exposured to the stimulus; less cortical activation (perceptual and conceptual priming)

Tl;dr more likely to remember something after recently seeing it

30
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or “knowing how” to do things

e.g. reading music, playing an instrument

31
Q

Semantic memory

A

Network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

32
Q

Episodic memory

A

Collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

–Also involves imagining the future

33
Q

Describe the types of human memory

A
34
Q

Collaborative Memory

A

–How people share in groups

–Sharing memories with others can strengthen them or produce retrieval-induced forgetting.

–Couples may remember different aspects of a memory and share what each recalls.

35
Q

PKM zeda molecule

A

chemical “glue” @ synaptic site that permanently makes it so a set of neurons fire together hence ‘wire together (Long-term memory)

shocking-rat experiment showed importance

36
Q

Long-term Potentiation

A

Main neural mechanism by which a memory is stored in the brain. (for LTM)

37
Q

Process of long-term potentiation

A

Dendrites grow and branch out and certain synapses increase in number.

Stimulation increases the strength of synaptic responsiveness, especially in the hippocampus

changes take time (undergoing consolidation/stabilization)

38
Q

Consolidation

A

Process by which memories become stable in the brain

39
Q

consolidation type 1

A

consolidation that operates over seconds/minutes

eg: concussion (can recall other events before but not seconds/minutes right before crash)

40
Q

Second type of consolidation

A

Operates over longer periods of time (involves transfer of information from the hippocampus to more permanent storage sites in the cortex.)

Eg: Retrograde amnesia. Can recall childhood, but not book just read.

41
Q

Reconsolidation

A

Memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to become consolidated again

42
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store.

43
Q

Case of HM

A

Man who has most of hippocampus and all of his amygdala removed

44
Q

HM’s types of memory

A

Anterograde/retrograde amnesia (no recall 2 years prior to surgery), no declarative/episodic memory and new episodic/semantic memory, has STM/motor/some spatial/some LTM

45
Q

HM’s star task

A

could perform task despite not remembering trials before or purpose (motor memory and no factual memory)

46
Q

Findings/result from HM’s case

A

showed that hippocampus converts STM -> LTM and *different kinds of memory are dependent on different parts of the brain*

47
Q

Serial position effect

A

recall is influenced by word’s positioning in a series of items

48
Q

Primary Effect

A

best recall for items at beginning of a list (rehearse these words and therefore send to LTM.)

49
Q

Recency Effect

A

best recall for items at the end of list, remains in STM b/c aren’t bumped out of STM by any new information

50
Q

Retrieval: Distinctiveness

A

recalling a word in a list bc it stands out

51
Q

Retrieval Cues

A

Required for the activation of information in LTM. Eg: yearbook photos are cues for remembering the person

52
Q

Encoding specifity principle

A

retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which information was initially encoded

53
Q

State dependent retrieval

A

tendency for info to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

54
Q

Transfer/context-dependent processing

A

Memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match

55
Q

Retrieval: Flashbulb memories

A

Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events (eg amygdala involved in emotional memory)

56
Q

Retrieval: Persistance

A

Intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget (esp after traumatic/disturbing/emotional events/experiences)

57
Q

7 Memory Failures

A

Transcience, encoding failures, absentmindedness, blocking, retroactive interference, proactive interference, memory misattribution, suggestibility/confabulation

58
Q

Transcience

A

forgetting what occurs w/ passage of time

59
Q

Encoding failures

A

don’t process deeply enough, not put into LTM

60
Q

Blocking

A

“tip-of-tongue”/”deja-vu”

failure to retrieve despite it being avaiable in memory

61
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Situations in which info learned later impairs memory for info acquired earlier

62
Q

Proactive interference

A

Situations in which info learned earlier impairs memory for info acquired later

PSYC100 (7 decks)

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