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PSYC100 > CH6 > Flashcards

CH6 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

Ability to store and retrieve info over time, reconstructive/collaborative process

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2
Q

What are the 3 functions of memory?

A

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

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3
Q

Encoding

A

we transform what we perceive/think/feel into an enduring memory

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4
Q

Storage

A

process of maintaining info in memory over time

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5
Q

Retrieval

A

process of bringing to mind info that has been previously encoded/stored

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6
Q

What are the 3 major ways to encode?

A

Elaborative/semantic encoding, visual imagery encoding, organizational encoding (codes do NOT have to conform to original stimulus)

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7
Q

Elaborative/semantic encoding

A

Process of actively relating new info to knowledge that is already in memory

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8
Q

Visual imagery encoding

A

Process of storing new info by converting it into mental pictures, can improve memory

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9
Q

Organizational encoding

A

Process of categorizing info according to the relationships among a series of items

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10
Q

The lower left frontal lobe is active during:

A

semantic recording

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11
Q

The occipital lobe is active during:

A

visual encoding

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12
Q

The upper left frontal lobe is active during:

A

organizational encoding

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13
Q

Sensory memory (also give two types)

A

Storage that holds sensory info for a few seconds or less Iconic/Echoic memory

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14
Q

Iconic memory

A

fast-decaying store of visual info (1 second or less)

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15
Q

Echoic memory

A

fast-decaying store of auditory info (5 seconds or less, eg: last few words of a sentence)

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16
Q

Short-term memory (STM) (3 types)

A

Storage that holds non-sensory info for 15-20 secs (can hold about 7 items) Rehearsal, Chunking, Working Memory

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17
Q

Rehearsal

A

process by keeping info in STM, mentally repeating

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18
Q

Chunking

A

combining small pieces of info into larger clusters, more easily held in STM

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19
Q

Working Memory

A

active maintenance of info in STM

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20
Q

Mnemonic

A

memory aid that uses vivid imagery

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21
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

WE can extend info by rehearsing/repeating out loud

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22
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

focus on meaning/relate info to other things you already know

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23
Q

Central executive

A

working memory subsystem, decides what working memory pays attention too

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24
Q

Visual-spatial pad

A

stores and processes info in a visual/spatial form

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25
Long-term storage
no known capacity, people recall items even if they haven't thought of them for years
26
Describe the flow of info through memory system
27
Explicit Memory
Act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences, requires recognition
28
Implicit Memory
Influence of past experiences on later behavior, even w/o effort or awareness
29
Priming
Eg of implicit memory, enhanced ability to think of a stimulus aafter bein exposured to the stimulus; less cortical activation (perceptual and conceptual priming) Tl;dr more likely to remember something after recently seeing it
30
Procedural Memory
Gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or “knowing how” to do things e.g. reading music, playing an instrument
31
Semantic memory
Network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
32
Episodic memory
Collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place –Also involves imagining the future
33
Describe the types of human memory
34
Collaborative Memory
–How people share in groups –Sharing memories with others can strengthen them or produce retrieval-induced forgetting. –Couples may remember different aspects of a memory and share what each recalls.
35
PKM zeda molecule
chemical "glue" @ synaptic site that permanently makes it so a set of neurons fire together hence ‘wire together (Long-term memory) shocking-rat experiment showed importance
36
Long-term Potentiation
Main neural mechanism by which a memory is stored in the brain. (for LTM)
37
Process of long-term potentiation
Dendrites grow and branch out and certain synapses increase in number. Stimulation increases the strength of synaptic responsiveness, especially in the hippocampus changes take time (undergoing consolidation/stabilization)
38
Consolidation
Process by which memories become stable in the brain
39
consolidation type 1
consolidation that operates over seconds/minutes eg: concussion (can recall other events before but not seconds/minutes right before crash)
40
Second type of consolidation
Operates over longer periods of time (involves transfer of information from the hippocampus to more permanent storage sites in the cortex.) Eg: Retrograde amnesia. Can recall childhood, but not book just read.
41
Reconsolidation
Memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to become consolidated again
42
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store.
43
Case of HM
Man who has most of hippocampus and all of his amygdala removed
44
HM's types of memory
Anterograde/retrograde amnesia (no recall 2 years prior to surgery), no declarative/episodic memory and new episodic/semantic memory, has STM/motor/some spatial/some LTM
45
HM's star task
could perform task despite not remembering trials before or purpose (motor memory and no factual memory)
46
Findings/result from HM's case
showed that hippocampus converts STM -\> LTM and \*different kinds of memory are dependent on different parts of the brain\*
47
Serial position effect
recall is influenced by word's positioning in a series of items
48
Primary Effect
best recall for items at beginning of a list (rehearse these words and therefore send to LTM.)
49
Recency Effect
best recall for items at the end of list, remains in STM b/c aren’t bumped out of STM by any new information
50
Retrieval: Distinctiveness
recalling a word in a list bc it stands out
51
Retrieval Cues
Required for the activation of information in LTM. Eg: yearbook photos are cues for remembering the person
52
Encoding specifity principle
retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which information was initially encoded
53
State dependent retrieval
tendency for info to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval
54
Transfer/context-dependent processing
Memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match
55
Retrieval: Flashbulb memories
Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events (eg amygdala involved in emotional memory)
56
Retrieval: Persistance
Intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget (esp after traumatic/disturbing/emotional events/experiences)
57
7 Memory Failures
Transcience, encoding failures, absentmindedness, blocking, retroactive interference, proactive interference, memory misattribution, suggestibility/confabulation
58
Transcience
forgetting what occurs w/ passage of time
59
Encoding failures
don't process deeply enough, not put into LTM
60
Blocking
"tip-of-tongue"/"deja-vu" failure to retrieve despite it being avaiable in memory
61
Retroactive interference
Situations in which info learned later impairs memory for info acquired earlier
62
Proactive interference
Situations in which info learned earlier impairs memory for info acquired later

PSYC100 (7 decks)

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