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NN MicBio > CH7-S1 Infections of the dermatological, skeletal and ophthalamic systems > Flashcards

CH7-S1 Infections of the dermatological, skeletal and ophthalamic systems Flashcards

1
Q

______:
Waterproof protein coating outermost layer
of epidermis

A

Keratin

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2
Q

_______:
Thin outer portion of skin; vomposed of layers of epithelial cells

A

Epidermis

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3
Q

_____:
Inner, thick portion of skin; composed mainly of
connective tissue

A

Dermis

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4
Q

Function of the skin:

A
  1. Perspiration (Provides moisture & nutrients for microbial growth, Contains salt that inhibits microorganisms; Lysozyme & antimicrobial peptides break down bacterial cell walls)
  2. produce sebum (Secreted by oil glands
    Mixture of lipids, proteins & salts
    Contains fatty acids that inhibit pathogens, and also considered nutritive for many microorganisms)
  3. Mucous membrane (Mucosa) lines the body cavities open to exterior
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5
Q

Properties of Mucous membrane (Mucosa):

A

Cells secrete mucus
Some cells have cilia
Membrane is often acidic
Often folded to maximize surface area

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6
Q

Areas with ___ have higher population of microbes (e.g. ____, between legs)

A

moisture, Armpits

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7
Q

Microbes metabolize ____ & contribute to body odor

A

sweat

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8
Q

Terms describing skin rashes/lesions:
_____: Small, fluid-filled below the epidermis

A

Vesicles

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9
Q

Terms describing skin rashes/lesions:
_____: Vesicles > 1cm in diameter

A

Bullae

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10
Q

Terms describing skin rashes/lesions:
_____: Flat, reddened lesions, skin color change

A

Macules

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11
Q

Terms describing skin rashes/lesions:
_____: Raised lesions (<5mm in diameter)

A

Papules

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12
Q

Terms describing skin rashes/lesions:
_____: Raised lesions with pus

A

Pustules

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13
Q

Staphylococci:
Shape: _____
Gram _____ bacteria;
forms irregular clusters like ____

A

Spherical, positive, grapes

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14
Q

Categorization of Staphylococci can based on ____________
(Coagulase-positive strains
Coagulase-negative strains)

A

the ability to produce
coagulase (Enzyme that clots fibrin in the blood

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15
Q

_______: Represent 90% of normal skin microbiota, coagulase-___
Pathogenic only when skin barrier is broken; a healthcare-associated pathogens; produces biofilm on catheters

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis, negative

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16
Q

_______: Carried in the nasal passages of 20% of the population,
coagulase-_____; forms golden-yellow colonies

A

Staphylococcus aureus, positive

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17
Q

Staphylococcus aureus avoids host defense by:
Secreting a protein to _____ to the infection site on the skin;
Secreting toxins that ____
Secreting proteins to ____

A

block chemotaxis of neutrophils,
kill phagocytic cells,
neutralize the antimicrobial peptides

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18
Q

Staphylococcus aureus
Produce ____ to cause sepsis or enterotoxins to affect GI tract

A

damaging toxins

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19
Q

Staphylococcal skin infections
____: Infection of the hair follicles

A

Folliculitis 毛囊炎

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20
Q

Staphylococcal skin infections
____: Fever, vomiting, shock & organ failure caused by _____ toxin I in blood

A

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

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21
Q

Staphylococcal skin infections
____: Damage and inflammation of deep tissue from a spreading furuncle, usually presented with fever

A

Carbuncle

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22
Q

Staphylococcal skin infections
____: A type of abscess, localized region of pus surrounded by
inflamed tissue

A

Furuncle (Boil)

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23
Q

Staphylococcal skin infections
____: Folliculitis of an eyelash

A

Sty 麥粒腫

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24
Q

Streptococci: Gram ____ cocci in ____

A

positive, chains

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25
Q

Streptococci produce ____ (a toxin) that lyse red blood cells

A

hemolysins

26
Q

Streptococci categorized based on the _____ they produce:
__________
__________
__________

A

hemolysins
Alpha-hemolytic streptococci
Beta-hemolytic streptococci
Gamma-hemolytic streptococci (Actually non-hemolytic)

27
Q

Which type of Streptococci often cause disease?

A

Beta-hemolytic streptococci

28
Q

Beta-hemolytic streptococci are further differentiated into groups
(Designated A through T) based on the _______ on their cell walls

A

antigenic carbohydrates

29
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes belongs to _______

A

Group A Streptococci

30
Q

Group A Streptococci (GAS) i.e. Streptococcus pyogenes:
>80 immunological types according to the M protein
;produce virulence factors:
______ that lyse RBCs and are toxic to neutrophils
______ on GAS are located external to the cell wall, allow adherence & immune system avoidance
______ dissolves connective tissue
______ dissolves blood clots

A

Streptolysins, M proteins, Hyaluronidase, Streptokinase

31
Q

Group A Streptococci (GAS) i.e. _____ (disease) caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, infects the dermal layer of the skin with well demarcated boundaries
;Forms reddish patches with raised margins
;Cause local tissue destruction, or enters bloodstream to cause sepsis

A

Erysipelas

32
Q

_____ is caused by “Flesh-eating bacteria”, belongs to ______ infection

A

Necrotizing fasciitis 壞死性筋膜炎, streptococcal skin

33
Q

______ infections
______ aeruginosa: Gram negative, aerobic rod
Produces a bacterial pigment (Pyocyanin) resulting in blue-green pus
Produces exo- and endotoxins
Grows in biofilms, resistant to many antibiotics
Opportunistic in burn patients

A

Pseudomonads

34
Q

Pseudomonads ____:
A self-limiting rash associated with swimming pools

A

dermatitis

35
Q

Sebum formation is affected by ____ but not _____

A

hormones, diet

36
Q

Most common skin disease in humans is ____

A

Acne

37
Q

Acnes are formed when skin cells are shed in the hair follicles & combine with sebum -> The
mixture ____

A

clogs/blocks the follicles

38
Q

Sebum accumulates leading to whitehead formation 白頭粉刺 (______); blockage protrudes(突顯)
through the skin leading to blackhead 黑頭粉刺 formation (____)

A

comedos, comedone

39
Q

Types of acne:
1. ____ Acne
Sebum channels are blocked, easily treated with
topical formations
2. ______ Acne
Caused by Propionibacterium acnes
Metabolizes sebum; fatty acids produce an
inflammatory response
Treated with antibiotics
3. _____ Acne
Inflamed lesions with pus deep in the skin

A

Comedonal (Mild), Inflammatory (Moderate), Nodular Cystic (Severe)

40
Q

Impetigo
Also called pyoderma
Superficial bacterial skin infection that is highly _______
Mostly affecting children 2 – 5 years of age
Usually occurs in warm, humid conditions
Easily spread among individuals in close contact
Caused by Staphylococci aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus GAS)

A

contagious

41
Q

The most important causative organism for Impetigo is ________.

A

Staphylococci aureus

42
Q

3 types of Impetigo:
1. Nonbullous Impetigo
Most common form
Lesions begin as papules -> Vesicles surrounded by erythema -> Pustules -> Break down to form thick, adherent crusts with
characteristic ____ appearance
Can also spread to surrounding area (autoinoculation)
2. Bullous Impetigo
Seen primarily in young children
____ enlarge to form ____ ____ with clear yellow fluid -> Becomes darker & turbid -> Ruptured leaving a thin brown crust
Fewer lesions than in nonbullous impetigo
S. aureaus that produce exfoliative toxin A -> Loss of cell adhesion @ superficial epidermis
3. ______
Ulcerative form of impetigo -> Lesions into the dermis
Caused by GAS

A

golden,
Vesicles, flaccid bullae,
Ecthyma

43
Q

Common sites of Staphylococcal Folliculitis:

A

Scalp, face, upper trunk, buttocks & legs

44
Q

Pruritus is common for patient having Staphylococcal folliculitis (T/F)

A

T (Pruritus is severe itching)

45
Q

Pseudomonal folliculitis is also known as ______ ; caused by ___, attributed to contact with _____.
Primary occurs on the ______.

A

Hot tub folliculitis, gram negative pseudomonas aeruginosa, contaminated water (in whirlpools, hot tubs, swimming pool)/ bathing with contaminated sponges/ nylon towels),
Trunk & buttocks

46
Q

Other gram negative folliculitis is associated with long-term treatment with _____ -> Explosive onset
; ___ as risk factor

A

oral antibiotics, male sex

47
Q

_____ (Hansen’s disease) caused by Mycobacterium leprae & Mycobacterium lepromatosis

Acid-fast rod that grows best at 30oC
Grows in peripheral nerves & skin cells
Survives macrophages & invades the _____

A

Leprosy, myelin sheath

48
Q

Leprosy is classified as 2 main forms:
1. _____
Loss of sensation in skin areas
2. _____
Disfiguring nodules over the body
Mucous membranes are affected

A

Tuberculoid (neural),
Lepromatous (Progressive)

49
Q

_____: fungal infection of the body

A

Mycosis

50
Q

Fungal dermatological diseases:
Cutaneous mycoses - dermatomycoses: Tinea cruris (related to DM, obese), Tinea pedis (Athlete’s foot) / Treatment with usually topical drugs: Miconazole, Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole,Terbinafine
Subcutaneous mycoses (more serious) - Sporotrichosis 孢子菌病 Enters a wound to form small ulcer / Treated with potassium iodide
_____ - Thrush C. albicans infection of the oral cavity / Results when antibiotics suppress competing bacteria / a change occurs in the mucosal pH
Fulminating disease in the immunosuppressed

A

Candidiasis

51
Q

Viral dermatological diseases

____ (papillomas) - Transmitted via contact / Treated with _____ 冷凍療法, electro-desiccation 電脫水 or salicylic acid 水楊酸

______- Causes pus-filled vesicles -> Formed scabs / Caused by Herpesvirus Varicellovirus 水痘病毒 (A Varicella-zoster 水痘帶狀皰疹 species , human herpesvirus 3) / Transmitted via the _____ route/
Virus becomes ____ in the central nerve ganglia /
Severe complication: ______
Cause vomiting & ________
The use of aspirin in reducing fever in the disease -> Increases risk

_____- Reactivation of the latent varicella-zoster virus that moves along peripheral nerves of the skin

______ - ~90% of the population is infected

______ - Viral disease transmitted by the respiratory route that is highly contagious / Cold-like symptoms, macular rash on body, Koplik’s spot

_____ - Caused by several enteroviruses

A

Warts, cryotherapy

Chickenpox, respiratory, latent,
Reye’s Syndrome 雷伊綜合症, brain dysfunction,

Shingles

Herpes simplex

Measles

Hand-foot-mouth disease

52
Q

Viral dermatological diseases
chickenpox (varicella) is caused by:

A

Herpesvirus Varicellovirus 水痘病毒 (A Varicella-zoster 水痘帶狀皰疹 species , human herpesvirus 3)

53
Q

Viral dermatological diseases

Shingles (herpes zoster) is the _________________, due to ______,
Vesicles formed in localized area typically about the ____
/ Postherpetic neuralgia 生完蛇神經痛
Antivirals (e.g. ____) can lessen symptoms / Prevention via ______

A

reactivation of the latent varicella-zoster virus that moves along peripheral nerves of the skin,
stress or lowered immunity,
waist, Acyclovir, shingles vaccine

54
Q

Viral dermatological diseases
Herpes simplex 單純皰疹

Human herpesvirus 1 (HSV-1): Spread primarily by ___/ respiratory routes / HSV-1 remains latent in ____ nerve ganglia

Human herpesvirus 2 (HSV-2): Spread primarily _____ / HSV-2 remains latent in ______ /
Infection with HSV-2 is more serious (___% fatality rate)
Treated with _____

A

oral, trigeminal,
sexually, sacral nerve ganglia near the spine, 70, Acyclovir

55
Q

Viral dermatological diseases
Measles 麻疹 - Viral disease transmitted by the respiratory route that is highly ____/
Cold-like symptoms, macular rash on body, ____ (Red spots on the oral mucosa opposite the molars)
/____ as diagnostic feature

Children under 1 year old do not receive the vaccine (Not effective)
No maternal antibodies as now mothers are usually vaccinated, not recovered from the disease
Child more vulnerable in first year

A

contagious, Koplik’s spot, Koplik’s spot

56
Q

Give 2 examples of parasitic dermatological diseases and its treatment

A

Scabies (Treatment with topical application of permethrin/ Prevent spreading by disinfect clothing in hot water by killing eggs ~60degree Celsius), Pediculosis 蝨病 (Treatment: Permethrin for head lice / Female louse produces eggs / Victim often unaware until itching caused by sensitization to louse saliva - several weeks later)

57
Q

Infection of the ophthalmic system:
______ - An inflammation of the conjunctiva/ Also called red eye or pinkeye/ Common caused by Haemophilus influenzae (Gram-ve bacteria) and also by adenoviruses (Virus)/ Can be caused by Pseudomonads associated with insanitary contact lens

______ - Caused by the gram-ve bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae 淋球菌 / Large amount of pus formed / Transmitted to a newborn’s eyes during passage through the ____

______ - Caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis 沙眼
衣原體/ Transmitted to a newborn’s eye during passage through the ____

______ - Caused by some serotypes of the gram-ve bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis / Leading cause of blindness worldwide/ Transmitted via ______

______ - Inflammation of the cornea

A

Conjunctivitis,
ophthalmia neonatorum, birth canal,
Inclusion conjunctivitis, birth canal,
Trachoma, hand contact or flies,
Keratitis 角膜炎

58
Q

Portal of entry for Conjunctivitis, ophthalmia neonatorum, inclusion conjunctivitis, trachoma, Keratitis:

A

Conjunctiva

59
Q

Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
Hematogenous: Caused by microorganisms that seed the bone in the setting of bacteremia

/Risk factors include endocarditis, presence of indwelling intravascular devices (e.g. cardiovascular
devices) or _______

/Clinical manifestations
Dull pain at the involved site
Tenderness, warmth, erythema & swelling
Systemic symptoms (Fever) may also be present

A

orthopedic hardware

60
Q

Pyogenic arthritis 化膿性關節炎 also known as septic arthritis -> joint infection/ Bacteremia more likely to localized in a joint with _____/
Clinical manifestation often present acutely with a single swollen
& painful joint, swelling, warmth, restricted movement
Diagnosis based on _____ analysis & culture

A

pre-existing arthritis, synovial fluid

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