CH1-S2

Question 1

_____ is the study of the life processes of microoraganisms

Answer 1

Microbial physiology

Question 2

The energy sources for certain organisms (called ___ ) is light and for other organisms (called ____ ) is organic or inorganic chemicals

Answer 2

phototrophs, chemotrophs

Question 3

_____ need to acquire nutrients from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter

Answer 3

Heterotroph

Question 4

____ refers to all of the _____ that occur within a living cell, including the production of energy and the synthesis of new molecules

Answer 4

Metabolism, chemical reactions

Question 5

____ involve the breaking of chemical bonds and the release of energy

Answer 5

Catabolic reactions

Question 6

____ require energy because they involve the formation of chemical bonds

Answer 6

Anabolic reactions

Question 7

Most metabolic reactions are regulated by ____

Answer 7

enzymes

Question 8

Enzymes are biologic molecules that serves as _____ to control the rate of metabolic reactions

Answer 8

catalysts

Question 9

Describe 2 types of enzymes (bacteria will release)

Answer 9

Endoenzymes- ramain within the cells that produced them, Exoenzymes- enzymes that leave the cell to catalyze reactions outside of the cell

Question 10

When will enzyme operate at peak efficiency?

Answer 10

It operate at peak efficiency within a particular pH and temperature range and when an appropriate concentration of the substrate for that enzyme exists

Question 11

______ enzymes produces in constant amounts without regard to to physiological demand or the concentration of substitute

Answer 11

Constitutive

Question 12

_____ enzymes requires or its stimulated by a specific small molecule

Answer 12

Induced

Question 13

What is the common pathway by which bacteria catabolize glucose?

Answer 13

Aerobic respiration

Question 14

____ must catabolize glucose by ______, a relatively inefficient method that yields only two ATP molecules from a molecule of glucose

Answer 14

Anaerobes, fermentation

Question 15

Is oxygen participate in fermentation reactions?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

List 5 factors that affect microbial growth

Answer 16

Availability of nutrients, moisture, temperature, pH, gaseous atmosphere

Question 17

Describe one of the 5 factors that affect microbial growth-availability of nutrients

Answer 17

All living organisms require nutrients to sustain life

Question 18

Describe one of the 5 factors that affect microbial growth-moisture

Answer 18

Microbes require water to dissolve enzymes and nutrients required in metabolism, certain microbial stages (e.g., bacteria endospores and protozoal cysts) can survive a drying process (desiccation)

Question 19

Describe one of the 5 factors that affect microbial growth-temperature

Answer 19

Generally, Temperature increase will increase enzymatic activity; too high temperature denature protein, best growth between 25 to 40 degree Celsius, optimum temperature commonly 37 degree Celsius

Question 20

Describe one of the 5 factors that affect microbial growth-pH

Answer 20

Most microorganisms prefer a neutral or slightly alkaline growth medium (pH 7.0 - 7.4)

Question 21

Describe one of the 5 factors that affect microbial growth-Gaseous atmosphere

Answer 21

Aerobic bacteria require oxygen for growth, anaerobic bacteria dies in the presence of oxygen, and therefore avoids oxygen

Question 22

_____ require oxygen for growth, e.g. most fungi, protozoa, and many bacteria, such as _____, and _____

Answer 22

Aerobes, Bacillus spp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 23

_____ only anaerobic growth (avoid ______), e.g. many _____, _____ bacteria

Answer 23

Anaerobes, oxygen, oral, intestinal

Question 24

______ - both aerobic and anaerobic growth; greater growth in ______ of oxygen, e.g. many gram _____ intestinal bacteria, ______

Answer 24

Facultative anaerobes, presence, negative, staphylococci

Question 25

_____ - only _____ growth, but continues in _____ of oxygen, e.g. certain ________ and _________, clostridial spp.

Answer 25

Aerotolerant anaerobes, anaerobic, presence, lactobacili, streptococci

Question 26

In a loose-fitting cap with a tube holding liquid, ____ go upward.

Answer 26

Obligate aerobes

Question 27

In a loose-fitting cap with a tube holding liquid, _____ go downward.

Answer 27

Obligate anaerobes

Question 28

In a loose-fitting cap with a tube holding liquid, most of the ____ go upward and some are in middle and bottom

Answer 28

Facultative anaerobes

Question 29

In a loose-fitting cap with a tube holding liquid, _____ equally distributed.

Answer 29

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Question 30

An organism’s _____ is its complete collection of genes, whereas an organism’s _____ is all the physical traits, attributes, or characteristics of the organism.

Answer 30

genotype, phenotype

Question 31

What is genotype?

Answer 31

It is its complete collection of genes

Question 32

What is phenotype?

Answer 32

It is all the physical traits, attributes, or characteristics of the organism.

Question 33

Random mutations arise naturally during ____.

Answer 33

cell division

Question 34

_____ are expressed not only in the cell in which the mutation occurred, but in subsequent generations as well.

Answer 34

Mutations

Question 35

_____ are used in genetic and medical research and the production of vaccines.

Answer 35

Mutant bacteria

Question 36

Mutations may be _____, _____, or of _____ to the cell or organism containing the mutation.

Answer 36

beneficial, harmful, no consequence

Question 37

Some harmful mutations are _____ to the organism.

Answer 37

lethal

Question 38

Physical or chemical agents that cause an increased mutation rate are called _____.

Answer 38

mutagens

Question 39

What are the examples for physical agents?

Answer 39

Control temperature/ filtration/ desiccation

Question 40

What are the examples for chemical agents?

Answer 40

Disinfectants/ antiseptics

Question 41

_____, ___, ____, ____ or ____ may cause mutations and genetic changes in a bacterial cell.

Answer 41

Lysogenic conversion, transduction, transformation, conjugation

Question 42

_____ is the process that ______, which are obligate intracellular virues that specifically infect _____; enter the host cell to reproduce

Answer 42

Lysogenic conversion, bacteriophage, bacteria

Question 43

_____ is the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another

Answer 43

Transduction

Question 44

The process of transduction: _____ infect ________ and use them as hosts to make more viruses. After multiplying, these viruses assemble and occasionally remove a portion of the host cell’s bacterial DNA. When one of these bacterial DNA, this piece of _____ may be incorporated into the _____of the new host.

Answer 44

bacteriophages, bacterial cells, bacterial DNA, genome

Question 45

_____ uptake of DNA fragments (“naked DNA”) from the environment.

Answer 45

Transformation

Question 46

_____ involves the transfer of genetic material from a donor cell to a recipient cell through a hollow sex pilus.

Answer 46

Conjugation

Question 47

_____ refers to the manufracture and manipulation of genetic material in vitro體外(in the laboratory)

Answer 47

Genetic engineering

Question 48

When a molecule of _____ is inserted into a bacterial cell, the bacterium is able to produce the gene product, usually a protein.

Answer 48

recombinant DNA

Question 49

An example of a product produced by genetic engineering is _____, a hormone produced in _____ cells and used to treat _____.

Answer 49

insulin, E. coli, diabetic

Question 50

Give examples that are produced by genetically engineered E. coli.

Answer 50

Human growth hormone (somatotropin), tissue growth factors, clotting factors, interferon