CH1-S1 Flashcards by N N

___% of known bacteria do not cause disease (non-pathogens)

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What is microbiology?

study of very small living organisms called microorganisms or mircobes

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___% of all known bacteria caused human diseases (pathogens)

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Is it suitable for using electron microscope to observe bacteria?

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What to use for observing bacteria?

Light microscope

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Examples for acellular micobes

Viruses, prions (causing 瘋牛症)

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Examples for cellular micobes

Bacteria, Archaeans, Algae, Protozoa, Fungi, Helminths(寄生蟲/蠕蟲)

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Describe indigenous microflora or microbiota

Beneficial, inhibit growth of pathogens by occupying space, depleting nutrients and secreting materials, 10x the total# of our cells, 500-1000 difference species

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Describe opportunistic pathogens (opportunists)

Do not usually cause problems, but have potential to cause infection

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Normal human microbiota take place in?

Nasal area, mouth, throat area, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, skin, vaginal area, urethra

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What is the human uses of microbes?

Bioremediation, Biological insecticides, Biotechnology and genetic engineering

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What is bioremediation(生物修復)?

Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage, bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury

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What is biological insecticides?

Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides to prevent insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission

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What is biotechnology and genetic engineering?

The use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals, missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in gene therapy, genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from insects and freezing

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Describe infectious diseases

Caused by pathogenic microoraganisms, the disease can be spread directly or indirectly from one person to another

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Examples for emerging(新出現) infectious diseases

AIDS, hepatitis C, viral encephalitis

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Examples for re-emerging infectious diseases

malaria, tuberculosis

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Lists biochemical basis of life

Atoms, molecules, elements, compounds

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Describe representation of an oxygen atom

8 protons and 8 neutrons are tightly bound in the central nucleus, around which the eight electrons revolve

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About ___ elements are essential to living

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__________ make up over 99% of the mass of most cells

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon

Describe 2 types of compounds

Ionic compounds (gaining or losing electrons), Molecular compounds (sharing electrons)

Solution is?

solutes dissolved in solvent

Water accounts for ___% to ___% of a cell’s total mass. For example, human and E. coli

70, 80

_____ is the most abundant molecule in living cells and is essential for the functioning of living cells.

Water

All acids share a common feature:

the ability to produce hydrogen ions when in solution

An acid molecule has more than one hydrogen atom. T/F

______ release hydroxide ions and a cation, and become electrolytes when dissolved in water

Bases

The ____ of a solution is related to the hydrogen ion concentration

pH ___ is the neutral point

Nucleic acids contains ___________

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous

Two categories of nucleic acids are _____________

DNA, RNA

What is the flow of genetic information within a cell follows the sequence DNA -> mRNA -> protein, called?

Central Dogma

Classification and Naming of Microorganisms: three-domain system (1970s Carl Woese). Which three domains?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Describe one of the three-domain system: Bacteria

It is prokaryotic; known pathogens

Describe one of the three-domain system: Archaea

It is prokaryotic, lack a nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles, the oldest species

Describe one of the three-domain system: Eukarya

It is eukaryotes, organisms that contain a membrane-bound nucleus

Each organism has two names (Binomial name):

the genus and species

Taxonomic rank

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Who is the "Father of microbiology"

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Who have done "Confirmation of biogenesis" and invented Pasteurization for the wine industry

Louis Pasteur

What experiment disproved spontaneous generation and give evidence that microorganisms exist?

Pasteur's Swan Neck Flask Experiment

False theories of diseases before the Germ Theory:

Demons, witchcraft, bad luck, the wrath of god, curses, evil spirits

Who ordered students to wash their hands with chlorinated lime before examining patients? (hand disinfection & childbirth fever)

Ignaz Semmelweis

Who carried out world's first antiseptic surgery? (used carbolic acid-phenol)

Joseph Lister

Who developed Koch's postulates?

Robert Koch

What postulates verified the germ theory and established a link between a microbe and the disease it caused?

Koch's postulates

What is germ theory of disease?

Many disease are caused by the growth of microbes in the body

Who discovered the first antibiotic?

Alexander Fleming

How did the first antibiotic being discovered?

Penicillin nearby area is found to be inhibiting the bacterial growth