CH1-S1 Flashcards
___% of known bacteria do not cause disease (non-pathogens)
95
What is microbiology?
study of very small living organisms called microorganisms or mircobes
___% of all known bacteria caused human diseases (pathogens)
1
Is it suitable for using electron microscope to observe bacteria?
No
What to use for observing bacteria?
Light microscope
Examples for acellular micobes
Viruses, prions (causing 瘋牛症)
Examples for cellular micobes
Bacteria, Archaeans, Algae, Protozoa, Fungi, Helminths(寄生蟲/蠕蟲)
Describe indigenous microflora or microbiota
Beneficial, inhibit growth of pathogens by occupying space, depleting nutrients and secreting materials, 10x the total# of our cells, 500-1000 difference species
Describe opportunistic pathogens (opportunists)
Do not usually cause problems, but have potential to cause infection
Normal human microbiota take place in?
Nasal area, mouth, throat area, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, skin, vaginal area, urethra
What is the human uses of microbes?
Bioremediation, Biological insecticides, Biotechnology and genetic engineering
What is bioremediation(生物修復)?
Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage, bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury
What is biological insecticides?
Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides to prevent insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission
What is biotechnology and genetic engineering?
The use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals, missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in gene therapy, genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from insects and freezing
Describe infectious diseases
Caused by pathogenic microoraganisms, the disease can be spread directly or indirectly from one person to another
Examples for emerging(新出現) infectious diseases
AIDS, hepatitis C, viral encephalitis
Examples for re-emerging infectious diseases
malaria, tuberculosis
Lists biochemical basis of life
Atoms, molecules, elements, compounds
Describe representation of an oxygen atom
8 protons and 8 neutrons are tightly bound in the central nucleus, around which the eight electrons revolve
About ___ elements are essential to living
30
__________ make up over 99% of the mass of most cells
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
Describe 2 types of compounds
Ionic compounds (gaining or losing electrons), Molecular compounds (sharing electrons)
Solution is?
solutes dissolved in solvent
Water accounts for ___% to ___% of a cell’s total mass. For example, human and E. coli
70, 80
_____ is the most abundant molecule in living cells and is essential for the functioning of living cells.
Water
All acids share a common feature:
the ability to produce hydrogen ions when in solution
An acid molecule has more than one hydrogen atom. T/F
F
______ release hydroxide ions and a cation, and become electrolytes when dissolved in water
Bases
The ____ of a solution is related to the hydrogen ion concentration
pH
pH ___ is the neutral point
7
Nucleic acids contains ___________
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous
Two categories of nucleic acids are _____________
DNA, RNA
What is the flow of genetic information within a cell follows the sequence DNA -> mRNA -> protein, called?
Central Dogma
Classification and Naming of Microorganisms: three-domain system (1970s Carl Woese). Which three domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Describe one of the three-domain system: Bacteria
It is prokaryotic; known pathogens
Describe one of the three-domain system: Archaea
It is prokaryotic, lack a nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles, the oldest species
Describe one of the three-domain system: Eukarya
It is eukaryotes, organisms that contain a membrane-bound nucleus
Each organism has two names (Binomial name):
the genus and species
Taxonomic rank
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Who is the “Father of microbiology”
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Who have done “Confirmation of biogenesis” and invented Pasteurization for the wine industry
Louis Pasteur
What experiment disproved spontaneous generation and give evidence that microorganisms exist?
Pasteur’s Swan Neck Flask Experiment
False theories of diseases before the Germ Theory:
Demons, witchcraft, bad luck, the wrath of god, curses, evil spirits
Who ordered students to wash their hands with chlorinated lime before examining patients? (hand disinfection & childbirth fever)
Ignaz Semmelweis
Who carried out world’s first antiseptic surgery? (used carbolic acid-phenol)
Joseph Lister
Who developed Koch’s postulates?
Robert Koch
What postulates verified the germ theory and established a link between a microbe and the disease it caused?
Koch’s postulates
What is germ theory of disease?
Many disease are caused by the growth of microbes in the body
Who discovered the first antibiotic?
Alexander Fleming
How did the first antibiotic being discovered?
Penicillin nearby area is found to be inhibiting the bacterial growth
