CH2-S2 Flashcards
List methods in bacterial identification
Microscopic morphology, Macroscopic morphology-colony appearance, physiological/ biochemical characteristics,…
Three basic shapes of bacterial cells (prokaryotic)
Bacillus, Coccus, Spirals (Vibrio, Spirillum, Spirochete)
Examples of cell arrangement: Diplococci, _____, _____, _____, ____
Strephtococci, Tetrad, Sarcinae, Staphylococci / Single bacillus, Diplobacilli, Streptobacilli, Coccobacillus
____ is a differential stain that distinguishes cells with a gram-positive cell wall from those with a gram-negative cell wall.
Gram stain
Properties of gram-positive cell wall: _____, ______, _____, _____
Thick layer of peptidoglycocan, Tightly bound acidic polysaccharides (including teichoic acid and liopteichoic acid), Cell membrane, Retain crystal violet and stain purple
Properties of gram-negative cell wall: _____, ______, _____, _____, _____
Thin peptidoglycocan, An outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (Lipid A of LPS acts as endotoxin), Periplasmic space, Inner membrane, Lose crystal violet and stain red from safranin counterstain
Lipopolysaccharides = _____
outer layer of outer membrane
State 4 steps of gram staining procedure
- Application of crystal violet 2. Application of iodine 3. Alcohol wash 4. Application of safranin
Chemical reaction in gram-negative cell wall under gram staining procedure
- Cell wall stain with the dye 2. No effect of iodine 3. Outer membrane weakened and cell loses dye 4. Red dye stains the colorless cell
Chemical reaction in gram-positive cell wall under gram staining procedure
- Cell wall stain with the dye 2. Dye crystal trapped in the cell 3. Crystal remain in cell 4. Red dye has no effect
Example(s) of gram-positive cocci
Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcis spp., Stephtococcus spp.
Example(s) of gram-negetive cocci
Neisseria (e.g. N. gonorrhoeae)
Example(s) of gram-positive bacilli
Clostridium (C. botulinum), Bacillus (B. antheacis), Corynebacterium (C. diphtheriae)
Example(s) of gram-negative bacilli
Enterobacteriaceae (Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Protues, Salmonella, and Shigella supp.), Pseudomonas
Example(s) of gram-positive coccobacilli
Listeria
Example(s) of gram-negative coccobacilli
Haemophilus, Bordetella, Legionella
Example(s) of gram-variable coccobacilli
Acinetobacter
Example(s) of gram-____ curved (comma-shaped) bacilli
Negative, Examples: Vibrio cholerae (the cause of cholera), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (may cause食物中毒), Vibrio vulnificus 創傷弧菌(食肉菌)
Example(s) of gram-____ helical bacteria (_____), has ____ filaments
Negative, axial, spirochetes, Examples: Treponema pallidum (cause syphilis), Borrelia burgdorferi (cause Lyme disease)
List example(s) of gram-____ rigid spiral bacterium (_____) and its properties
Negative, spirilla, Examples: Campylobacter jejuni (causes campylobacteriosis), Helicobacter pylori (causes peptic ulcers), properties: motility mechanisms based on polar flagella
Endospore formation is called?
Sporulation
List properties of endospores
Dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure, resistance to: UV and gamma radiation, desiccation, lysozyme, temperature, starvation, and chemical disinfectants. Therefore, it is not readily killed by many antimicrobial treatments
Returning to vegetative state is called?
Germination
State example(s) of unique bacteria with nontypical cell walls
Mycobacterium, Nocardia
State example(s) of unique bacteria without cell wall
Mycoplasma
State example(s) of obligate intracellular parasites
Rickettsia, Chlamydia
Example(s) of mycobacterium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (causes tuberculosis), Mycobacterium leprae (causes leprosy- Hansen’s disease)
State 2 properties of mycobacterium
Pleiomorphic rods, cell wall with lipid mycoli acid(cord factor) which resist staining by ordinary methods such as a Gram stain
What method is used to test mycobacterium? What colour will be observed?
(Ziehl-Neelsen) Acid-fast staining. Bright red.
State 4 properties of mycoplasma
Naturally lack a cell wall, stabilized by sterols and resistant to lysis, range in shape (from filamentous to coccus or doughnut shaped), “fried egg” appearance of its colonies
Example(s) of mycoplasma
Mycoplasma pnuemoniae (causes atypical pneumonia)
Rickettsia is gram-_____ and its mode of transmission: ____
negative, (節肢動物) arthropod-borne
Example(s) of Rickettsia
Rickettsia prowazekii (causes epidemic typhus - by lice), Rickettsia rickettsii (causes Rocky mountain spotted fever - by tick)
List two insects that may spread Rickettsia related disease (epidemic typhus/ Rocky mountain spotted fever)
lice, tick
Chlamydia is gram-_____ and its mode of transmission: ____
negative, sexually transmitted diseases
Example(s) of Chlamydia
Chlamydia trachomatis (severe eye infection and one of the most common sexually transmitted disease), Chlamydia psittaci (鳥病ornithosis, parrot fever), Chlamydia pnuemoniae (lung infections)
Archaea is prokaryote or eukaryote?
prokaryote
State 3 properties of Archaea
Seem more closely related to domain eukarya than to bacteria, have unique membrane lipids & cell wall construction, live in the most extreme habits in nature (methane producers, hyperthermophiles, extreme halophiles, and sulfur硫 reducers)
