CH2-S3 Flashcards
Arrange the size of the mircobes from small to large
Viruses < bacteria < fungi < protozoa
Mushrooms is _____ fungi
macroscopic
Molds and yeasts are _____ fungi
microscopic
Majority of fungi are ____ or ____, few are considered ____ (e.g. mushroom)
unicellular, colonial, multicellular
State and describe two morphologies of fungi
Yeast: round ovoid shape, asexual reproduction, Hyphae: long filamentous fungi or molds
State two properties of fungi
Heterotrophic, parasitic
What is the meaning of heterotrophic?
Heterotrophic: acquire nutrients from a wide variety of organic substrates
What is the meaning of parasitic?
Parasitic: grow on the bodies of living animals or plants, although very few require a living host
A special cell structure of fungi is ____.
Bud, bud scar
Cell wall of fungi is primarily composed of ____, ____ and ____.
chitin, polysaccharide (glycans, mannans), glycoproteins
Fungi’s beneficial impact to human
Play an essential role in decomposing organic matter, form stable associations with plant roots and increase their ability to absorb water and nutrients, Fungi have been engineered to produce large quantities of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids and vitamins, Some fungi are eaten or used to impact flavoring to food
Fungi’s adverse impact to human
Primary pathogens: can sicken even healthy persons, Opportunistic pathogens: attack persons who are already weakened in some way, e.g. Candidiasis and Pneumocystis pnuemonia, Mycoses真菌病 (fungal infection of animals, including humans), Fungal cell walls give off substances that cause allergies, Toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms can cause death
Fungal infection of humans may take place at?
Epidermis, hair, dermis, skin, mucous membrane, nails, lung
Examples of superficial fungal infection: ______________
灰甲 onychomycosis, 腳癬 tinea pedis, 股癬 tinea cruris, 體癬 tinea corporis, 手癬 tinea manuum, 頭癬 tinea capitis, Vaginal candidiasis, Otomycosis
What is parasites?
Organisms that live on or in the living organisms (hosts)
Organisms that live on or in the living organisms (hosts) is called?
Parasites
State two types of parasites
Ectoparasites: parasites that live outside the host’s body, Endoparasites: parasites living inside the host., e.g. parasitic protozoa and helminths
_____ - most are harmless, free-living inhabitants of water and soil
Protozoa
Protozoa is classified by means of _____
locomotion
_____ has two stage life cycle. Which two?
Protozoa, Trophozoite, Cyst
What is Trophozoite?
Stages that actively feed and multiply
What is Cyst?
Stages with a protective membrane or thickened wall, Dormant resting stage when conditions in the environment become unfavorable
______’s infections range from _____ to ______
Protozoa, asymptomatic, life threatening
Describe the whole life cycle of protozoa
- Trophozoite (active, feeding stage) 2. Cell rounds up and loses motility (drying, lack of nutrients) 3. Mature cyst (dormant, resting stage) 4. (Moisture, nutrients restored) Cyst wall breaks open 5. Trophozoite is reactivated
Examples of protozoa: ____
Amoeboid protozoa, Flagellated protozoa, Ciliated protozoa
_________ cause: intra-erythrocytic cycle of plasmodium falciparum 惡性瘧原蟲紅血球內循環
Apicomplexan protozoa
______ protozoa : amebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica
Amoeboid
______ protozoa : giardiasis caused by Giardia lamblia, african sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma burcei
Flagellated
______ protozoa (also called _____) : Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. vivax
Apicomplexan, sporozoan
______ protozoa : Balantidiasis caused by Balantidium coli
Ciliated
Helminths are ______ animals
multicellular
Two types of ______ (flatworms) : ______, _______
Platyhelminthes, Trematoda (flukes), Cestoda (tapeworms)
How is Trematoda (e.g. Clonorchis sinensis) like?
Small flat leaf-like bodies with oral and ventral suckers and a blind sac-like gut
How is Cestoda (e.g. Taenia solium) like?
Long flat ribbon-like bodies with a single anterior holdfast oragan (scolex) and numerous segments (proglottides)
_____ and ______ do not have a body cavity
Trematoda, Cestoda
_____ have fluid-filled internal body cavity
Nematodes (roundworms)
How is Nematodes (roundworms)(e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides 35cm) like?
Long thin unsegmented tube-like bodies with anterior mouths and longitudinal digestive tracts
Helminths form ____ main life-cycle stages: _________
three, eggs (in environment), larvae (in intermediate host) and adults (in definitive host)
Two types of host. ______ host: the host in which the larva develops. _____ host: the host in which sexual development occurs
Intermediate, Definitive
Sources for human infection by helminths are ___________
contaminated food, soil, and water or infected animals
Routes of infection by helminths are ____________
by oral intake or penetration of unbroken skin
