Ch.7 Axial Skeleton

Question 1

Axial skeleton

Composed of…

Answer 1

Skull (cranium + facial bones)
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage (sternum, rubs, thoracic vertebrae)

Question 2

Axial skeleton functions

Answer 2

Forms longitudinal axis of the body
Supports head, neck, and trunk
Protects brain, spinal cord, and organs of thorax

Question 3

Spinal curvatures

Answer 3

Sacral curvature: 1 degree, born with
Thoracic curvature: 1 degree, born with
Lumbar curvature: 2 degree, dvlp walk
Cervical curvature: 2 degree, dvlp lift head

Abnormal curves:
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis

Question 4

Abnormal curve

Scoliosis

Answer 4

“S” shape

Most common in female teenagers due to rapid growth spurts

Requires correction early before puberty ends

Question 5

Abnormal curve

Kyphosis

Answer 5

An exaggerated thoracic curve

Sometimes results from the anterior collapse of the thoracic vertebral bodies

Referred to as “Hunchback”

Question 6

Abnormally curve

Lordosis

Answer 6

An exaggerated lumbar curve
Ethnicity may be a factor
Commonly referred to as “swayback”

Question 7

Vertebral Areas (irregular bones)

Answer 7

Cervical vertebrae C1-C7
Thoracic vertebrae T1-T12
Lumbar vertebrae L1-L5

Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
Coccyx (4 fused vertebrae)

Question 8

Spinal Curvatures (lateral view)

Answer 8

The cervical curvature
The thoracic curvature
The lumbar curvature
The sacral curvature

Abnormal curves

Question 9

Vertebral column

Answer 9

Intervertebral foramina
Intervertebral discs
      -Nucleus pulposus 
      - annulus fibrosis 
      *herniated disc ( laminectomy)

Question 10

Structure of Individual vertebrae

Answer 10

Body
Vertebral Foramen 
Vertebral arch
        - pedicle
        - Lamina 
Transverse process
Spinous process
Superior articular process
Inferior articular process

Question 11

Types of Vertebrae

Answer 11

Cervical vertebrae 
        - C1 Atlas
        - C2 Axis (dens points up through C1) shaking bby syn
        - Transverse foramen 
Thoracic vertebrae 
Lumbar vertebrae 
Sacrum

Question 12

Types of vertebrae

Sacrum:

Answer 12

5 fused vertebrae 
Superior articular process
Sacral canal 
Body
Sacral promontory 
Median sacral crest
Posterior sacral foramina 
Sacral hiatus 
Anterior sacral foramina

Question 13

Structure of Bony Thorax

Answer 13

Sternum

 - Manubrium 
 - Body: sternal angle
 - Xiphoid process

Question 14

Structure of the bony thorax

Ribs

Answer 14

True ribs: first 7 pairs
False ribs: lower 5 pairs +
Floating ribs: 11 & 12

Rib anatomy: 
Head 
Neck
Tubercle
Angle
Shaft