Ch. 8 Joints

Question 1

Joints and articulations are where…

Answer 1

Two bones meet

Question 2

Functions of joints and articulations are to…

Answer 2

Allow mobility

Hold bones together

Question 3

Classification of joints

*SEE TABLE

Answer 3

See table pg. 68

Question 4

Synovial Joints
Specialized Structures
Meniscus

Answer 4

Fibrocartlige that divides synovial cavity in two.

Functions:
Prevents side to side rocking of femur on tibia.
Absorbs shock transmitted to knee joint (padding)

Improves fit between articulating bone ends, making joint more stable and minimizing wear and tear on joint surfaces.

Question 5

Synovial Joints
Specialized Structures
Bursa

Answer 5

Sac of synovial fluid outside of joint cavity.

Flattened fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane and containing thin film of synovial fluid.

Functions to decrease friction between adjacent structures (outside joint cavity) during joint cavity.

Locations: where ligaments. Muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together.

Question 6

Synovial Joints
Specialized Structures
Tendon Sheath

Answer 6

Bursa that wraps around a tendon

Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction.

Locations: Where several tendons are crowded together within confined spaces (wrist, shoulder, etc.)

Question 7

Synovial Joints

Specialized Structures

Answer 7

Meniscus
Bursa
Tendon Sheath

Question 8

Synovial Joints

Factors Influencing the Stability of synovial joints

Answer 8

Articular surfaces: shape

Number and position of ligaments: more=stronger

Muscle tone: bicep branchii

Question 9

Synovial Joints
Movements allowed by synovial Joints
15 movements

Answer 9

1. Flexion / Extension
2. Abduction / Adduction
3. Rotation / Circumduction
4. Pronation / Supination
5. Dorsiflexion / Plantar Flexion
6. Inversion / Eversion
7. Elevation / Depression
8. Opposition

Question 10

Clinical Applications

Joint Injuries

Answer 10

Cartilage tears
Sprains
Dislocations

Question 11

Cartilage tear joint injury

Answer 11

(Meniscus) collagen is for strength it doesn’t stretch.

Torn Meniscus: Menisci are attached only at outer margins and are therefore frequently torn free.

Tear rarely can repair itself (remember cartilage is avascular) so treatment is usuallly to remove cartilage fragments (called loose bodies) via arthroscopic surgery to minimize interference or additional damage to the joint.

Severe impairment to joint mobility is rare but joint is definitely less stable and more likely to be damaged again.

Question 12

Sprain joint injury

Answer 12

Ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn.

Question 13

Dislocations joint injuries

Answer 13

When tendons or ligaments are stretched.

Bones are forced out of alignment, usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and difficulty in movement. Not as stable

Question 14

Clinical Applications

Inflammatory and degenerative conditions

Answer 14

Bursitis and tendinitis
Arthritis
Lyme disease
Joint replacement

Question 15

Arthritis

Answer 15

Over 100 different types:

All have the same initial symptoms: joint stiffness, pain, and swelling of the joint.

Chronic forms:
Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease): aging “wear-and-tear arthritis”

Rheumatoid arthritis:
Autoimmune: body attack’s itself thinking its foreign it has proteins on its surface. Glycoproteins IDs cell to cell recognition WBC attack, synovial joint builds up abnormal protein joints ossify due to abnormal protein levels.

Gouty arthritis (gout): Uric acid, build up breakdown of DNA/ RNA nucleuic acid -damages joints- red meat- alter diet and pain meds.

Question 16

Lyme disease

Answer 16

Bacteria caught from a tick

Bacteria can damage joints

Question 17

Joint replacement

Answer 17

Shaved
Plastic meniscus
Metal plate over the femur

Question 18

Lab Page 56

Answer 18

Two opposing bones
Periosteum 
Articular capsule 
       - Fibrous Layer
       - Synovial Membrane (secretes s.f.)
Reinforcing Ligaments
Joint cavity
Articular Cartilage
Synovial Fluid

Question 19

Fibrous Joints

Answer 19

Sutures
Distal end of the Tibia and Fibula.
Periodontal ligament in alveolar processes (between teeth and gums)

The bones are joined by dense fibrous connective tissue and have no joint cavity present. The amount of movement allowed depends on the length of the connective tissue fibers connecting the bones.

some are slightly moveable most fibrous joints are immovable.

Question 20

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 20

Costal Cartilage
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
Epiphyseal plate

In cartilaginous joints, the articulating bones are connected by cartilage. Like fibrous joints, they lack a joint cavity and are not highly moveable.

Question 21

Synovial Joints

Answer 21

Synovial Joints are those in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity. This arrangement permits substantial freedom of movement and all synovial joints are freely moveable. Nearly all joints of the limbs, and even the body, fall into this category.

General Structure pg 223

Types of synovial joints 229

Question 22

Types of Synovial Joints

6 types

Answer 22

1. Plane joints: carpals and tarsals
2. Hinge joints: elbow, distal tibia, talus
3. Pivot joints: C1 moving on C2 ¨rotation
4. Condylar joints:metacarpophalangeal (knuckles)
5. Saddle joints: carpometacarpal joint of thumb (often sprained by athletes)
6. Ball and Socket joints: shoulder and hip

Question 23

Support structures in synovial joints

Answer 23

Shoulder joint
Elbow joint
Hip joint
Knee joint

Question 24

Shoulder Joint

Answer 24

Coracoacromial ligament

Coracohumeral ligament

Subacromial bursa

Tendon sheath of the biceps branchii tendon

Question 25

Elbow Joint

Answer 25

Biceps branchii tendon (attaches to radial tuberosity)

Ulnar collateral ligament

Radial collateral ligament

Annular ligament (covers the head of the radius in a transverse path) wraps around

Question 26

Hip Joint

Answer 26

Ligament of the head of the femur (fovea capitis)

iliofemoral ligament (anterior view “V” shaped)

Ischiofemoral ligament (posterior view, cut away on some lab models) posterior

Question 27

Knee Joint

Answer 27

Anterior cruciate ligament (middle)

Posterior cruciate ligament

Lateral Meniscus
Same side as fibula
Medial Meniscus

Fibular collateral ligament

Tibial collateral ligament

Patellar ligament (attaches knee cap to tibia)