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Bio: A&P > Ch. 5 Intergumentary System > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Intergumentary System Flashcards

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1
Q

Skin has appendages of

A

Sweat (sudoriferous) glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Hairs and hair follicles
Nails

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2
Q

Skin functions

A 
Protect 
Regulate body temperature
Cutaneous sensation
Metabolic function (synthesize V-D precursor)
Blood reservoir
Excretion
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3
Q

Skin function: Protection

A

It has 3 types of protective barriers
1 chemical
2 physical
3 biological

It protects deeper tissue from
Mechanical damage: falling, adipose padding
Chemical damage: secretions+ melanin keratin
Bacterial damage: acidic pH on skin stop bacteria
Thermal damage: receptors hot, cold to brain
Ultraviolet radiation: (carcinogen) melanin prevents DNA mutation from the top.
Desiccation: (drying out) prevents loss of fluid, may leak if burned.

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4
Q

Skin Function: Body temp regulation

A

Negative Feedback:

Too hot start to sweat, too cold erector pili muscle stands up to warm up

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5
Q

Skin Function: Cutaneous Sensation

A

Receptors for pain, pressure, vibrations, signaling the control center.

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6
Q

Skin function: Metabolic function

A

Synthesize vitamin precursor

But too much direct sunlight can cause cancer.

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7
Q

Skin Function: Blood reservoir

A

Holds up to 5% body’s total blood volume, then shunted in circulation used by working muscles and body organs

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8
Q

Skin function: Excretion

A

Excrete and eliminate sweat and nitrogen-containing wastes (ammonia;due to protein breakdown, urea, uric acid), NaCl, H2O, etc.

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9
Q

Skin structures 3

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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10
Q

Skin structure: Epidermis 5

A 
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
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11
Q

Epidermis 5 strata

A
  1. Stratified squamous epithelium w/ keratin
  2. cells tightly connected by Desmosomes
  3. Keratinocytes form several layers
  4. layers of the epidermis ***
  5. Melanin
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12
Q

Layers of epidermis: Stratum Corneum

A

20-30 cell layers thick and accounts for 3/4 of epidermal thickness.

Located at exposed surface of skin

Protective barrier of dead, durable, and expendable cells. (Cells are plasma membrane filled with keratin that is protective.

Thickness will vary depending on use, (calluses can develop on palms of hands and soles of feet.

Glycolipids secreted between cells provides waterproofing and preserves some permeability characteristics of the skin.

Allows for transdermal medications like nicotine patches.

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13
Q

Layers of epidermis:

A 
Stratum Corneum 
Stratum Lucidum (keratin soles)
Stratum Granulosum 
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
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14
Q

Layers of epidermis: Stratum Basale

A

Single row of cells that serve as origin of keratinocytes for all superficial strata.

High mitotic activity

Contains melanocytes )accounts for 10-25 of stratum basale cells.

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15
Q

Melanin

A

Pigment produced by melanocytes

Gets packaged in melanosomes
And then deposited into the keratinocytes in more superficial layers.

Melanin granules then position themselves on superficial or sunny side of keratinocytes nucleus to protect against UV radiation.

Amount produced depends on den ethics and exposure to sunlight.

Cell production of tyrosinase )acts on the amino acid tyrosine) is critical for melanin production.

Albinism; commonly failure to produce tyrosinase

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16
Q

Dermis

2 layers

A

Strong collagen, flexible (elastic)connective tissue,
Papillary layer: 20%, Thin superficial layer of areolar connective tissue, supports and nourishes overlying epidermis, projections called dermal papillae, pain receptors, capillary loops, rise SA and serves as basis for friction ridges and fingerprints.

Reticular layer: 80%, dense irregular connective tissue and mesh work of collagen and elastic fibers , blood vessels, glands, nerve receptors.

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17
Q

Hypodermis (subcutaneous)

A
  1. Not part of the skin
  2. Anchors skin to underlying organs
  3. Composed mostly of adipose tissue (half of body’s stored fat)
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18
Q

Appendages of the skin

A

Sebaceous glands
Sweat (sudoriferous) glands
Hair
Nails

19
Q

Appendages of the skin: Sebaceous glands

A

Produce oil (sebum): Softens and lubricates the hair and skin.

Most with ducts that empty into hair follicles.

Distributed body wide except for palms of hands and soles of the feet.

Glands are activated at puberty (under hormonal control) Clinical: acne- accutane is teratogenic

20
Q

Appendages of the skin: Sweat Glands

A

Widely distributed 3 million in the body.

Eccrine
Apocrine
Ceruminous Glands
Mammary glands

21
Q

Eccrine Sweat Gland

A

Coiled, tubular portion in dermis with opening via duct to pore on the skin surface.

Distributed body wide (most numerous)

Helps dissipate excess heat through evaporative cooling.

22
Q

Apocrine Sweat Gland

A

Ducts empty into hair follicles

Localized to axillary and pubic (anogenital) areas only 2000 in number

Activated by stress, pain, & sexual excitement; not temp.

Fatty acid and protein secretion. Bacteria breakdown produces body odor.

23
Q

Ceruminous Modified Sweat glands

A

Found in lining of external ear canal

Secretion mixes with sebum to produce cerumen or earwax.

24
Q

Mammary Modified sweat glands

A

Not discussed

25
Q

Appendages of the skin: Hair

A
  1. Distributed body wide except palms, soles, lips, nipple, external genitalia
  2. Strand of dead , hard keratinized epithelial cells projecting from an invaginated tunnel in the epidermal and dermal layers called the hair follicle
  3. Hair follicle:
    A. Tubular invaginations of the epidermis
    B. Formed by mitotically active stratum Basale cells
    C. Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color
    D. Dermal capillaries provide blood supply

Four parts:
Shaft-visible part of hair; projects from surface
Root- part of the hair enclosed in hair follicle
Bulb- growth zone at inferior end of hair follicle

  1. Arrector pili muscle (smooth muscle)
  2. Clinical:minoxidal (rogaine)
26
Q

Appendages of the skin: Nails structure

A

Nail fold (lateral and proximal skin coverings)
Eponychium (cuticle)
Nail body: sheet of hard keratin attached to nail bed. Lanula -crescent shaped vascular area at proximal end of the nail bed and visible through the nail. Used for visual check of oxygen status in patients.

Clinical: eponychiitis, ingrown toenail

27
Q

Injection sites

A

Intradermal (ID): Tb test

Subcutaneous (“subcue” or SQ): Hypodrms adipose.

Intramuscular (IM): in muscle below hypodermis

Intravenous (IV): in vein.

28
Q

Blisters

A

Fluid filled pocket between epidermis and dermis. Tissue damage by friction.

29
Q

Lines of Cleavage

5.4b

A

Formed by uniform alignment of collagen and elastic fibers

30
Q

Stretch Marks

A

Collagen stretched beyond their capability

31
Q

Decubitus ulcers “Bed Sores”

A

Blood supply is restricted -> ischemia (O2 reduced) -> necrosis (tissue death)

Bacterial infections result, difficult to heal, secondary intention.

Areas of highest risk are least padded (elbow, heels, backbone) little fat over them

Patients of high risk: elderly in care homes, less fat

Importance of rotating patient positions, artificial padding and clean bedding.

32
Q

Burns

A

Tissue damage inflicted by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals that denature proteins and cause cell death in affected areas.

Dangers associated are loss of fluids lead to: Dehydration
Electrolyte imbalance (muscle contractions)
Renal failure
Circulatory Shock*

33
Q

Burns: circulatory shock

A

Loose interstitial fluid, plasma, blood plasma, is going into tissue, gets thick hard to pump.

34
Q

Burns: Infection

A

Sepsis (widespread bacterial infection) is leading cause of death in burn victims.

35
Q

Burns: Rule of Nines

A

Way to approximate the extent of burns
Special tables are used when greater accuracy is desired

                             Head
                             4.5%

          4.5%.                          4.5%
                              18%

                               1%

                9%.                      9%

9,9,9,36, 18, 18

36
Q

Severity of Burns

1st degree burn

A

Only epidermis is damaged
Redness, pain, swelling (inflammation) heat
Heals 2-3 days.

37
Q

Severity of Burns

2nd degree burns

A

Damage to Epidermis and Dermis
Redness, pain, swelling (inflammation), heat + Blistering (fluid)
Heals 3-4 weeks

38
Q

Severity of Burns

3rd degree burns

A

Total tissue destruction of epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.

Tissue becomes dis colored, but no edema, or pain, no nerves,

Usually requires skin graft.

39
Q

Skin Cancer

Most common types

A

Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma

40
Q

Clinal Applications

A 
Injection sites 
Blisters
Lines of cleavage 
Stretch marks
Decubitus ulcers "bed sores"
Burns
Skin cancer
41
Q

Skin Cancer: Basal cell carcinoma

A

Bubble growth
Least malignant bit most common type
80% of all skin cancers
Arises from stratum Basale cells that then go and invade the underlying dermis and hypodermis.

Results in a shiny, dome shaped nodule most commonly found in Sun-exposed regions of the face

Slow growing and therefore metastasizes seldom

Full cure by surgical excision in 99% of cases

42
Q

Skin Cancer: Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Arises from stratum Spinosum
Results in a scaly reddened papule most commonly on the head (scalp, ears, and lower lip and hands)

Tends to grow rapidly and will metastasize if not removed

Chance of complete cure is good if caught early and removed by surgery or radiation.

43
Q

Skin Cancer: Malignant Melanoma

A

Most deadly, but Rare
Accounts for only 5% of all skin cancers but 90% of skin cancer deaths due to metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy

Cancer of melanocytes

Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels

Can occur body wide

Most appear spontaneously, but about 1/3 from pre existing moles (wherever there is pigment)

44
Q

Skin cancer: ABCDE early mole detection

A 
A : asymmetry
B : irregular border
C : color
D : diameter larger than 6mm pencil eraser
E : elevation above skin surface 
     evolution Changes over time

Bio: A&P (31 decks)

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