Ch.7

Question 1

moral development

Answer 1

changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding right and wrong
has intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions

Question 2

social cognitive theory of moral development

Answer 2

distinction between moral competence (ability to produce moral behaviors) and moral performance (performing those behaviors in specific situations)

Question 3

Moral thought

Answer 3

Kohlberg theory of moral reasoning
3 levels/6 stages
preconventional
conventional
postconventional
increased internalization characterizes movement to levels 2 and 3
influences include modeling, cognitive conflict, peer relations, and role taking opportunities
critics say he gave inadequate attention to moral behavior, not assess moral dev.
underestimated cultural and family influences
underestimated care perspective

Question 4

moral bahavior

Answer 4

argue that moral behavior is determined by reinforcement, punishment, and imitiation
situational variabliity
Hartchorne and Mays sutdy: considerable variation in moral behavior across situations

Question 5

moral exemplars

Answer 5

people who have lived exemplary lives

Question 6

social domain theory

Answer 6

there are different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains

Question 7

moral bahavior

Answer 7

argue that moral behavior is determined by reinforcement, punishment, and imitation
situational variability
Hartchorne and Mays study: considerable variation in moral behavior across situations

Question 8

prosocial behavior

Answer 8

forgiveness and gratitude
adolescents engage more than children
girls engage more than boys

Question 9

moral feeling

Answer 9

Freud: superego (moral branch of personality) - ego ideal and conscience
through identification children internalize parent standards of right and wrong
children may conform to moral standards in order to avoid guilt

Question 10

empathy

Answer 10

perspective taking as a cognitive component

changes developmentally

Question 11

contemporary perspective

Answer 11

both pos and neg feeling contribute to adolescents moral development
emotions are interwoven with cognitive and social dimensions of moral dev

Question 12

moral personality

Answer 12

moral identity, character, and exemplars

Question 13

moral character

Answer 13

having strength of your convictions, persisting, and overcoming distractions and obstacles
having certain virtues, such as honesty, care, and conscientiousness

Question 14

Parenting

Answer 14

discipline: love withdrawal, power assertion, or induction (most effective)
moral dev advanced when parents are supportive, create opportunities to learn others perspectives, include children in family decision making, model moral behavior and thinking, state behaviors that are executed and why, and encourage internal moral orientation

Question 15

altruism

Answer 15

unselfish interest in helping another person

Question 16

care perspective

Answer 16

moral perspective of Carol Gilligan
views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with other, and concern for others

Question 17

character education

Answer 17

direct moral education approach that involves teaching students basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior or doing harm to themselves or others

Question 18

cognitive moral education

Answer 18

approach based on belief that students should learn to value things like democracy an justice as their moral reasoning develops
Kohlbergs theory has been basis form many of cognitive moral education approaches

Question 19

conscience

Answer 19

component of the superego that discourages behaviors disapproved of by parents

Question 20

conventional reasoning

Answer 20

the second, or intermediate level in Kohlbergs theory
individuals abide by certain standards (internal) buy they are standards of others (external), such as parents or the laws of society
two stages; mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity (stage 3) and social systems morality (stage 4)

Question 21

ego ideal

Answer 21

component of superego that involves ideal standards approved by parents

Question 22

empathy

Answer 22

reaction to another feelings with an emotional response that is similar to the others feelings

Question 23

forgiveness

Answer 23

aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when ans injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation

Question 24

gratitude

Answer 24

feeling of thankfulness and appreciation, especially in response to someone doing something kind or helpful

Question 25

hidden curriculum

Answer 25

pervasive moral atmosphere that characterizes every school

Question 26

induction

Answer 26

discipline technique in which a parent uses reason and explains how the adolescents actions affect others

Question 27

justice perspective

Answer 27

moral perspective that focuses on rights of the individual | individuals are viewed as making moral decisions independently

Question 28

love withdrawal

Answer 28

discipline tech in which a parent withholds attention or love from the adolescent

Question 29

moral development

Answer 29

thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong

Question 30

moral exemplars

Answer 30

people who have led exemplary lives

Question 31

moral identity

Answer 31

aspect of personality that is present when individuals have moral notions and commitments that are central to their lives

Question 32

postconventional reasoning

Answer 32

third and highest level in Kohlbergs theory morality is more internal two stages: social contract or utility and individual rights (stage 5) and universal ethical principles (stage 6)

Question 33

power assertion

Answer 33

discipline technique in which parent attempts to gain control over adolescent or their resources

Question 34

preconventional reasoning

Answer 34

lowest level in Kohlbergs theory of moral development morality is often focused on reward and punishment two stages: punishment and obedience orientation (stage 1) individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange (stage 2)

Question 35

religion

Answer 35

organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases individuals connection to sacred or transcendent other

Question 36

religiousness

Answer 36

degree of affiliation with an organized religion, participation in prescribed rituals and practices, connection with its beliefs, and involvement in a community of believers

Question 37

service learning

Answer 37

form of edu that promotes social responsibility and service to the community

Question 38

social cognitive theory of moral development

Answer 38

theory that distinguishes btwn moral competence (ability to produce moral behaviors) and moral performance (enacting those behaviors in specific situations)

Question 39

social conventional reasoning

Answer 39

thoughts about social consensus and convention, as opposed to moral reasoning that stresses ethical issues

Question 40

social domain theory

Answer 40

identifies diff domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains domains arise from children's and adolescents attempts to understand and deal with diff forms of social experience

Question 41

spirituality

Answer 41

experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society

Question 42

values

Answer 42

beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be

Question 43

values clarification

Answer 43

edu approach that focuses on helping people clarify what is important to them, what is worth working for, and what is their purpose in life students encouraged to define own values and understand others values