ch. 2

Question 1

active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations

Answer 1

correlations that occur when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating

Question 2

adaptive behavior

Answer 2

modification of behavior that promotes organism’s survival in natural habitat

Question 3

adoption study

Answer 3

investigators seek to discover whether behavior and psychological characteristics of adopted children are more like adoptive parents or bio parents.
comparing adopted and bio siblings

Question 4

adrenarche

Answer 4

puberty phase involving hormonal changes in adrenal glands, located above kidneys. 6-9 years in girls and one year later in boys beginning of puberty

Question 5

androgens

Answer 5

main class of male sex hormones

Question 6

behavior genetics

Answer 6

field concerned with degree and nature of behaviors hereditary basis

Question 7

chromosomes

Answer 7

threadlike structures that contain deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA

Question 8

DNA

Answer 8

complex molecule that contains genetic info

Question 9

epigenetic view

Answer 9

development is result of ongoing, bidirectional interchange btwn heredity and environment

Question 10

estrogens

Answer 10

main class of female sex hormone

Question 11

evocative genotype-environment correlations

Answer 11

correlations that occur bc an adolescents genetically shaped characteristics elicit certain types of physical and social environments

Question 12

evolutionary psychology

Answer 12

adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” influence behavior
extended “juvenile” period is needed to develop a large brain
does not give adequate attention to experience or role of humans as culture making species

Question 13

female athlete triad

Answer 13

combo of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis

Question 14

gene x environment (G x E) interaction

Answer 14

interaction of a specific measured variation in DNA and specific measured aspect of the environment

Question 15

genes

Answer 15

units of hereditary information, which are short segments composed of DNA

Question 16

genotype

Answer 16

unique configuration of genes

Question 17

gonadarche

Answer 17

puberty phase involving maturation of primary sexual characteristics (ovaries/ testes) and secondary sexual characteristics (pub hair, breast and genital dev)
follows adrenarche by about two years and what most people think of as puberty

Question 18

hormones

Answer 18

powerful chemicals secreted by endocrine glands and carried through body by bloodstream

Question 19

menarche

Answer 19

girls first menstrual period

Question 20

nonshared environmental experiences

Answer 20

adolescents own unique experiences, both within family and outside family/ not shared by sibling

Question 21

passive genotype-environment correlations

Answer 21

occur because bio parents provide rearing environment for child

Question 22

phenotype

Answer 22

observed and measurable characteristics

Question 23

precocious puberty

Answer 23

very early onset and rapid progression of puberty

Question 24

puberty

Answer 24

brain-neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early adolescence that provides stimulation for rapid physical changes that accompany this period of dev

Question 25

secular trends

Answer 25

patterns of onset of puberty over historical time, especially across generations

Question 26

shared environmental experiences

Answer 26

siblings common experiences such as parents personalities and intellectual orientation, socioeconomic status and neighborhood

Question 27

spermarche

Answer 27

boys first ejaculation of semen

Question 28

twin study

Answer 28

behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with behavioral similarity of fraternal twins

Question 29

determinants of puberty

Answer 29

brain-neuroendocrine process providing stimulation for rapid physical change
heredity, hormones, weight, and percentage of body fat

Question 30

endocrine system

Answer 30

interaction of hypothalamus (GnRH), pituitary gland (FSH & LH), and gonads

Question 31

growth spurt

Answer 31

9-11 1/2 for girls 3 1/2 in per year/ 11-13 1/2 boys 4 in per year

Question 32

psychological dimensions

Answer 32

heightened interest in bodies and body images
ado girls have more neg body image
early maturation favors boys during early adolescence/ adult late maturing boys more pos identity
early maturing girls at risk

Question 33

too much emphasis has ben given to ___

Answer 33

biological changes of puberty

Question 34

exercise and sports

Answer 34

at approx 13 years, rate of exercise often begins to decline

influence from family, peers, schools, and screen based activity

Question 35

evolutionary perspective

Answer 35

natural selection

Question 36

genetic process

Answer 36

nucles contains chromosomes, which contain DNA
genes are short segments of DNA that direct cells to reproduce and manufacture proteins that maintain life
DNA does not act independently to produce trait or behavior/ acts collaboratively

Question 37

Heredity-Environment interaction

Answer 37

Scarr’s view: heredity directs types of environments children experience/ 3 correlations (passive, evocative, active)/ importance of correlations changes as children develop
shared environmental experiences
nonshared environmental experiences
many complex behaviors have some genetic loading that gives propensity for specific dev. trajectory
actual development also requires environment