Ch.3

Question 1

accommodation

Answer 1

adjustment of a schema in response to new info

Question 2

adolescent egocentrism

Answer 2

adolescents heightened self consciousness, mirrored in their belief that others are as interested in them as they are

Question 3

myelination

Answer 3

axon portion of neuron becomes covered and insulated with layer of fat cells, which increases speed and efficiency of info processing in nervous system

Question 4

assimilation

Answer 4

incorporation of new info into existing knowledge

Question 5

attention

Answer 5

focusing of mental resources

better in adolescents

Question 6

cognitive control

Answer 6

aspects such as focusing attention, reducing interfering thoughts, and being cognitively flexible

Question 7

concrete operational stage

Answer 7

Piagets third stage
7-11
children can perform operations
logical reasoning replaces intuitive thought as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples

Question 8

convergent thinking

Answer 8

pattern of thinking in which individuals produce one correct answer; characteristic of the items on conventional intelligence tests

Question 9

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Answer 9

guidance by more skilled peers and adults

Question 10

creativity

Answer 10

ability to think in novel and unusual ways and discover unique solutions to problems

Question 11

critical thinking

Answer 11

thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence

Question 12

divergent thinking

Answer 12

pattern of thinking in which individuals produce many answers to the same question; more characteristic of creativity than convergent thinking

Question 13

emotional intelligence

Answer 13

ability to perceive and express emotion accurately and adaptively, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, to use feelings to facilitate thought, and to manage emotions in oneself and others

Question 14

equilibration

Answer 14

mechanism in piagets theory that explains how individuals shift from one state of thought to the nest
shift occurs as individuals experience cognitive conflict or a disequilibrium in trying to understand the world
eventually individual resolves conflict and reaches balance of thought

Question 15

executive attention

Answer 15

involves planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.

Question 16

metacognition

Answer 16

cognition about cognition

Question 17

formal operational stage

Answer 17

Piagets fourth and final stage
11 to 15
abstract, idealistic, and logical thought

Question 18

fuzzy-trace theory dual-process model

Answer 18

decision making is influenced by two systems “verbatim” analytical thinking (literal and precise) and gist based intuition (simple, bottom line meaning) which operate in parallel

Question 19

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Answer 19

piagets term for adolescents ability , in the formal operational stage, to develop hypotheses about ways to solve problems

Question 20

intelligence

Answer 20

ability to solve problems and to adapt and lern from everyday experiences

Question 21

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Answer 21

persons tested mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100

Question 22

limbic system

Answer 22

lower, subcortical system in the brain that is the seat of emotions and experience of rewars

Question 23

memory

Answer 23

retention of info over time

Question 24

mental age (MA)

Answer 24

individuals level of mental dev relative to others (Binet)

Question 25

neo-piagetians

Answer 25

theorists who argue tht piaget got som ethings right buy that this theory needs considerable revision want more infasis to info procesing that involves attention, memory, and strategies

Question 26

normal distribution

Answer 26

symmetrical distribution of values or scores, with a majority of scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range

Question 27

postformal thought

Answer 27

thought that is reflective, relativistic, and contextual; provisional; realistic; and open to emotions and subjective

Question 28

prefrontal cortex

Answer 28

highest level of frontal lobes involved in reasoning, decision making, and self control matures much later than amygdala

Question 29

preoperational stage

Answer 29

Piagets second stage 2-7 children begin to represent their world with words, images,and drawings

Question 30

psychometric/intelligence view

Answer 30

emphasizes the importance of individual diff in intelligence; many advocates also argue that intelligence shoud be assessed withe intelligence tests

Question 31

schema

Answer 31

mental concept or framework that is useful in organizing and interpreting information

Question 32

selective attention

Answer 32

focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant

Question 33

sensorimotor stage

Answer 33

piagets first stage of dev birth -2 infants construct understanding of world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical, motoric actions

Question 34

social cognition

Answer 34

how people conceptualize and reason about their social world, including relation of self to others

Question 35

social constructivist approach

Answer 35

emphasizes social context of learning and construction of knowledge through social interaction

Question 36

sustained attention

Answer 36

ability to maintain attention to selected stimulus for prolonged period of time

Question 37

synapses

Answer 37

gaps btwn neurons, where connections btwn axon and dendrites occur

Question 38

triarchic theory of intelligence

Answer 38

Sternbergs view that intelligence comes in three main forms | analytical, creative, and practical

Question 39

Elkind

Answer 39

adolescent egocentrism consists of imaginary audience and a personal fable