Ch6 Treating diseases

Question 1

what are vaccinations made of

Answer 1

small amount of dead or inactive pathogens

Question 2

how do vaccinations work

Answer 2

provide controlled exposure to dead pathogens
antigens stimulate the immune system to produce lymphocytes which releases unique antibodies needed to fight the certain pathogens without risk
body is now immune as the lymphocytes produce the antibodies quicker when they detect the antigens

Question 3

herd immunity

Answer 3

if large population is immune to a disease, it reduces the spread of pathogens and the disease can even disappear

Question 4

How monoclonal antibodies are formed

Answer 4

1. Mouse is injected with a chosen specific antigen. B-Lymphocytes are stimulated to produce wanted antibodies. Lymphocytes are taken from the mouse.
2. Tumour cells made in a lab- they divide rapidly
3. The tumour cells are fused with the B-Lymphocytes to make a hybridoma cell
4. The hybridomas divide quickly to make lots of clones that all produce the same antibodies
5. They are collected and purified, and are now monoclonal antibodies

Question 5

Uses of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 5

1. pregnancy tests
2. locating specific molecules in research(diagnosis of disease)
3. measuring and monitoring levels of substances in blood or urine
4. treating disease(cancer)

Question 6

cancer treatment using monoclonal antibodies

Answer 6

1. monoclonal antibody specific to the tumour antigen has a toxic chemical/drug attached that stops cells growing and dividing
   normal body cells are unharmed
2. block receptors on surface of cancer cells to stop growing and dividing
3. to trigger the immune system to recognise, attack and destroy cancer cells

Question 7

locating specific molecules in research using monoclonal antibodies

Answer 7

fluorescent dye binds to unique antibody

antibody binds to specific antigen on target molecule and the dye is detected

Question 8

advantages of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 8

only bind to specific diseased or damaged cells but don’t harm healthy cells

Question 9

disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 9

not as successful as hoped

create more side effects than expected