Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Ch13 Reproduction > Flashcards

Ch13 Reproduction Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

asexual reproduction basics

A

involves one parent
cells divide by mitosis
no variation in offspring- genetically identical clones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sexual reproduction

A

involves male sex cell and female sex cell
the two gametes fuse to form a zygote
offspring have variation due to mixing of genetic info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Formation of gametes

A

meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does meiosis work

A

The genetic information of a cell is copied into four sets
Each chromosome forms a pair of chromatids
The cell then divides twice in succession to form 4 gametes
each has a single set of chromosomes(the chromosome number is reduced by half- 23)
Each gamete produced is genetically unique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

gametes

A

organism’s reproductive cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fertilisation

A

When the two gametes fuse during fertilisation, it restores the normal number of chromosomes
(23+23=46)
The combination of genes in each fertilised egg is unique(variation)
The fertilised egg then divides by mitosis, increasing number of cells rapidly
As embryo develops, the cells differentiate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

haploid

A

23 chromosomes within a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

diploid

A

46 chromosomes within a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Asexual fungi reproduction

A

common reproduction is asexual by spores

e.g. toadstools, puffballs and mould

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sexual fungi reproduction

A

when conditions aren’t good to give variation for survival advantage

two hyphae from different fungi join and the nuclei fuse to create new hyphae with two sets of chromosomes
it undergoes meiosis to make haploid spores which are different from original hyphae
spores produce fungi better adapted to survive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

hyphae

A

mass of thin threads that make up fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sexual plant reproduction

A

the gametes pollen(male) and egg cells(female) are produced using meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

asexual plant reproduction

A

e.g. strawberry plants, spider plants and the divisions of bulbs in daffodils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

asexual malaria parasites reproduction

A

only happens in human liver and blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sexual malaria parasites reproduction

A

inside mosquito red blood cells
when mosquito takes her blood meal, the drop in temperature between human body and mosquito triggers sexual reproduction in parasites
20 minute window when sexual forms develop and bursts out of blood cells
sexual forms fuse to form zygote with 2 sets of chromosomes(variation)
zygotes undergo meiosis to produce new asexual parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

genome of an organism

A

the entire genetic material of that
organism
e.g. chromosomes and mitochondria genetic info

17
Q

mitochondria dna

A

always inherited from the mother(comes form the egg)

18
Q

DNA

A

long polymer molecule made up of repeating nucleotide units

they twist and spiral to form a double helix

19
Q

nucleotide

A

common sugar
phosphate group
either 4 different bases attached to the sugar

20
Q

base groups

A

A with T on the opposite strand

G with C on the opposite strand

21
Q

Nucleotides grouped into 3 bases

A

sequence of the three bases code for a particular amino acid

order of the bases controls the order in which amino acids are assembled to produce a particular protein

22
Q

Importance of understanding the human genome

A

search for genes linked to different types of disease
- able to predict risk for each individual

understanding and treatment of inherited disorders
- e.g. cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease

use in tracing human migration patterns from the past
- understanding human evolution

23
Q

protein synthesis

A
  1. genes in DNA -produce a template for the proteins by reflecting the sequence of bases in the DNA
  2. template leaves nucleus through pores in the nuclear membrane and binds to the surface of a ribosome
  3. cytoplasm contains carries molecules, each attached to a specific amino acid.
  4. The carrier molecules attach themselves to the template in the order given by the DNA
  5. the amino acids are joined together to form a certain protein
  6. this process occurs until the template is completed
  7. protein detaches from the carrier molecules and the carrier molecules detach from the template and return to the cytoplasm
  8. protein then folds to create unique shape to carry out it’s job function e.g. structural protein it will form fibrous structures like collagen
24
Q

Gene expression

A

the process by which specific genes are activated to produce a required protein

25
Q

non-coding parts of DNA

A

determines how much of gene is switched on or off

variation in non-coding parts affect how genes are expressed

26
Q

mutations in coding part of DNA

A

changes in existing genes - most don’t alter protein formed

sometimes alters protein formed to give it a different shape

e. g. enzyme active site no longer fits substrate
e. g. structural protein loses its strength

may give an advantage

e. g. more efficient enzyme
e. g. stronger structural protein

27
Q

mutations in non-coding part of DNA

A

can affect which genes are switched on or off(expressed)

- have big effect on phenotype

28
Q

allele

A

different versions of the same gene

each one codes for a different protein

29
Q

gene

A

small section of DNA on a chromosome

each gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acids, to make a specific protein

30
Q

dominant allele

A

always expressed in the phenotype even when they are only present in one of the chromosomes

31
Q

recessive allele

A

only expressed in the phenotype if they are present on both chromosomes(no dominant alleles present)

32
Q

phenotype

A

the physical appearance or biochemistry of an organism regarding a particular characteristic

e.g. black fur or blue eyes

33
Q

genotype

A

the genetic arrangement(collection of alleles) that determines the traits that an organism inherited from its parents

e.g. Bb

34
Q

homozygous

A

alleles are both identical for the same characteristic

AA or aa

homozygote- individual who has two identical alleles for a particular gene

35
Q

heterozygous

A

alleles are both different for the same characteristic

Aa

heterozygote- individual who has different alleles for a particular gene

36
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A 
inherited disorder of cell membranes
prevents movement of certain substances from one side to the other
mucus becomes thick and sticky
organs become clogged
caused by recessive allele
37
Q

polydactyl

A

inherited disorder - having extra fingers or toes

caused by dominant allele

38
Q

Embryo screening types

A

Amniocentesis
- taking some fluid from around developing foetus which contains foetal cells
Chorionic villus sampling of embryonic cells
- taking a sample of tissue from developing placenta

39
Q

Embryo screening disadvantages

A
  1. increase risk of miscarriage(even if foetus is healthy)
  2. can give false positive or negatives
  3. hard decision for parents- emotional turmoil
  4. expensive
    - everyone should have the tests(costly for society to provide healthcare for child affected by genetic disorder)
  5. ethical - could give rise to demand for ‘designer babies’
  6. no cure

Biology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions