Ch.6 Study Guide

Question 1

Sounds travels through the action of ______________

Answer 1

vibration

Question 2

Transduction is the conversion of one form of ________ to another, such as from light to neuronal activity

Answer 2

energy

Question 3

___________ is also called intensity; the force that sound exerts per unit area, which we experience as loudness

Answer 3

Amplitude

Question 4

Frequency is the number of _________ per second in a sound wave, measured in hertz

Answer 4

cycles

Question 5

Harmonic- a __________ of particular frequency called the fundamental

Answer 5

multiple

Question 6

_________ is the characteristic sound quality of a musical instrument, as determined by the relative intensities of its various harmonics

Answer 6

Timbre

Question 7

Stereocilia- a tiny bristle that protrudes from a ______ cell in the auditory or vestibular system

Answer 7

hair

Question 8

Olfactory bulb- an anterior projection of the brain that terminates int eh upper nasal passages and, through small openings in the _______, provides receptors for smell

Answer 8

skull

Question 9

Glomeruli- a _________ arbor of dendrites form a group of olfactory cells

Answer 9

complex

Question 10

Pheromones are ___________ substances released by the body to communicate with others, potentially influencing behavior, mood, and attraction

Answer 10

chemical

Question 11

Ossicles- ___ small bones (incus, malleus, and stapes) that transmit vibration across the middle ear, from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

Answer 11

3

Question 12

The coiled, fluid-filled part of the inner that converts sounds into neural impulses is the _____________

Answer 12

cochlea

Question 13

Organ of Corti- structure in the _______ ear that lies on the basilar membrane of the cochlea and contains the hair cells and terminations of the auditory nerve

Answer 13

inner

Question 14

The organ of Corti consists of three main structures- hair cells, ______________ cells, and the tectorial membrane

Answer 14

supporting

Question 15

The basilar _________detects ear frequencies in the ear

Answer 15

membrane

Question 16

The primary auditory centers of the midbrain are the _________ colliculi

Answer 16

inferior

Question 17

the location of the primary auditory cortex is within Heschl’s gyrus, a structure situated in the superior __________ lobe

Answer 17

temporal

Question 18

purpose of interaural intensity differences- help the brain determine the direction of a ________ source by comparing the intensity of the sound arriving at each ear.

Answer 18

sound

Question 19

Conduction deafness- occurs when sound waves are unable to travel through the outer or middle ear to reach the inner ear, causing a reduction in sound levels. This type of hearing loss is often temporary and can be caused by blockages, damage, or fluid buildup in the outer or middle ear.

Question 20

Sensori-neural deafness- results from damage to the inner ear, the auditory _________, or both

Answer 20

nerve

Question 21

Central deafness-a type of hearing impairment that results from damage or dysfunction in the ________ auditory pathway, which includes the auditory nerve and brain’s auditory processing areas

Answer 21

central

Question 22

The role of the semicircular canals- help you sense ______ movements and maintain your balance.

Answer 22

head

Question 23

What five tastes are sensed by the tongue: _______, sour, bitter, salty and umami or savory

Answer 23

sweet

Question 24

How are receptor sites for sweet, bitter, and umami tastes different from those for salt and sour? rely on G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and associated intracellular signaling pathways, while receptors for salt and sour tastes primarily involve _____ channels.

Answer 24

ion

Question 25

Papillae: ________, nipple-like projections that cover the surface of various organs, including the tongue, skin, and mucous membranes

Answer 25

small

Question 26

In nature, bitter tastes often signal the presence of toxins or __________

Answer 26

poisons

Question 27

What is the purpose of the vomeronasal organ? to _______ and respond to chemical cues, particularly pheromones, that are released by other animals

Answer 27

detect

Question 28

Smell's powerful ability to trigger nostalgic memories, particularly those of _______________, stems from the brain's unique anatomical structure and its direct connection between the olfactory bulb and memory and emotion centers.

Answer 28

childhood

Question 29

In humans, a sheet of cells called the olfactory mucosa/epithelium- lines part of the _______ cavities

Answer 29

nasal