Ch.2 Study Guide

Question 1

The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for ________

Answer 1

action

Question 2

The parasympathetic nervous system is a part of the autonomic nervous system that generally prepares the body to ________ and recuperate

Answer 2

relax

Question 3

The cortical __________ is one of the vertical columns that constitute the basic organization of the cerebral cortex (functional units of info processing)

Answer 3

column

Question 4

The cranial nerve is a nerve that is connected directly to the ________

Answer 4

brain

Question 5

Another word for neural plasticity is ________________________

Answer 5

neuroplasticity

Question 6

____________________ is the ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment

Answer 6

neuroplasticity

Question 7

Medial means towards the ______________

Answer 7

middle

Question 8

Lateral means towards the ________

Answer 8

side

Question 9

ipsilateral means on the ______ side of the body as another structure or point

Answer 9

same

Question 10

contralateral means the _____________ side of the body or brain

Answer 10

opposite

Question 11

Superior means _________

Answer 11

above

Question 12

Inferior means __________

Answer 12

below

Question 13

Anterior or rostral means the head end of the body and therefore the front of the ________

Answer 13

brain

Question 14

Posterior or caudal is the tail end of the body and the back of the ______

Answer 14

head

Question 15

Proximal means “near the ________”

Answer 15

center

Question 16

Distal means “toward the periphery” or “toward the ____ of a limb”

Answer 16

end

Question 17

Dorsal means “toward or at the ______”

Answer 17

back

Question 18

Ventral means “toward or at the _______”

Answer 18

belly

Question 19

Axon hillock is the _____-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon originates (“little hill”)

Answer 19

cone

Question 20

Sylvian fissure(lateral sulcus) ________ the temporal lobe from other regions of the hemisphere

Answer 20

divides

Question 21

Central sulcus divides the frontal and _________ lobes

Answer 21

parietal

Question 22

Meninges is the 3 protective __________________- dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid- that surround the brain & spinal cord

Answer 22

membranes

Question 23

Sensory _________ are nerve cells that specialized to gather sensory info and they take many different shapes depending on whether they detect light or sound or touch & etc.

Answer 23

neurons

Question 24

Motoneurons(motor neurons) are neurons that transmit neural ____________ to muscles (or glands)

Answer 24

messages

Question 25

Interneurons analyze ______ gathered from one set of neurons & communicate with others; they receive input and send __________ to other neurons (it is not a sensory neuron or a motor neuron)

Answer 25

info, output

Question 26

Glial cells are nonneuronal brain cells that ____________ structural, nutritional and other types of support to the brain (also participate in info processing) and protects & assist neurons

Answer 26

provides

Question 27

Glial cells directly affect neuronal processes by providing neurons with raw materials, ____________ signals, and specialized structural components.

Answer 27

chemical

Question 28

2 glial cells are called oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells that are wrapped around successive segments of axons to insulate them with a _______ substance called myelin.

Answer 28

fatty

Question 29

Astrocytes and microglial cells are glial cells that perform diverse functions in the _________

Answer 29

brain

Question 30

Astrocytes weaves around and between __________ with tentacle-like extensions, helping to define the structure of the brain

Answer 30

neurons

Question 31

Microglial cells (glial cells) are tiny and mobile with a primary job to contain & ________ up sites of injury

Answer 31

clean

Question 32

Meningitis(inflammation of the membrane) and meningiomas(large tumors) are both ____________ that can occur in the meninges

Answer 32

pathologies

Question 33

Brain structure: Corpus callosum is the main band of axons that ___________ the 2 cerebral hemisphere(left & right)

Answer 33

connects

Question 34

Brain structure: Basal Ganglia is a group of forebrain nuclei, including the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen, found deep withing the cerebral hemisphere that plays a critical role in the control of ________________

Answer 34

movement

Question 35

Brain structure: Amygdala is a group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe that has diverse function including emotional ______________ and the perception of odor.

Answer 35

regulation

Question 36

Brain structure: Hippocampus is a medial __________ lobe structure that is important for learning & memory

Answer 36

temporal

Question 37

Brain structure: Thalamus is a paired structures to either side of the 3rd ventricle that direct the flow of ___________ info to & from the cortex

Answer 37

sensory

Question 38

Brain structure: Hypothalamus("under thalamus") is part of the diencephalon, lying ventral to the thalamus and is involved in many vital functions such as __________, thirst, temperature regulation, sex, and many more. It also controls the pituitary gland, so it serves as the brain's main interface with the hormonal systems of the body

Answer 38

hunger

Question 39

Brain structure: Reticular Formation("netlike") is a loose collection of neurons that are important in a variety of behaviors, including _______ and arousal. (an extensive region of the brainstem)

Answer 39

Sleep

Question 40

Brain structure: Periaqueductal gray matter is a midbrain region involved in ______ perception

Answer 40

pain

Question 41

Brain structure: Synaptic Vesicles contain and ___________ neurotransmitter(chemical messengers) (function is uptake, storage & stimulus-dependent release of neurotransmitter)

Answer 41

release

Question 42

A Neuron Doctrine states that neurons & other cells of the brain are structurally, metabolically, and ___________________ independent and info is transmitted from neuron to neuron across tiny gaps(later names synapses)

Answer 42

functionally

Question 43

TMS stands for transcranial magnetic ___________________

Answer 43

stimulation

Question 44

TMS is a technique for examining the brain function that applies strong magnetic fields to stimulate cortical neurons in order to __________ discrete areas of the brain that are particularly active during specific behaviors

Answer 44

identify

Question 45

Golgi Stains reveal fine details of ______ structure such as the branches of dendrites & axon. Golgi Staining is useful for identifying the types & precise shapes of neurons in a region.

Answer 45

cell

Question 46

Nissl stains outline all of the cell bodies in a tissue section, allowing us to measure the size & ________ of cell bodies in a particularly regions

Answer 46

density

Question 47

Autoradiography

Answer 47

???Radioactivity emitted by the labeled compound in the tissue "exposes" the emulsion- as light does striking film- so the brain essentially takes a picture of itself, highlighting the specific brain regions where the drug has become selectively concentrated

Question 48

Immunohistochemistry- Involves creating ______________ against a protein of interest. Equipped with colorful labels, these antibodies can selectively seek out and attach themselves to their target proteins within neurons in a brain slice, revealing the distribution of only those neurons that make the target protein

Answer 48

antibodies

Question 49

In situ hybridization, it goes a step further than immunohistochemistry and, using radioactively labeled lengths of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA), labels only those neurons in which a _____ of interest has been turned on

Answer 49

gene

Question 50

MRI purpose is to see the structure of the brain, but FMRI purpose is to see the function of the brain, to see where ethe brain is most ______

Answer 50

active