Ch.4 Study Guide

Question 1

The 2 receptor _______ in the postsynaptic neuron is ionotropic and metabotropic receptor

Answer 1

sites

Question 2

ionotropic receptors also known as ligand-gated _____ channel

Answer 2

ion

Question 3

Metabotropic receptors are also known as ___-Protein coupled receptors

Answer 3

G

Question 4

Ionotropic receptors are directly involved in rapid ion flow across the cell membrane leading to fast changes in membrane ______________

Answer 4

potential

Question 5

Metabotropic receptors is a receptor where ligand binding results in production of chemical signaling molecules inside the cell. the G-Protein can influence the opening of ion channels, but they can also affect enzymes & initiate signaling cascades within the _____

Answer 5

cell

Question 6

Gaba function is in central nervous system- reduces neuronal excitability and prevents excessive nerve activity, playing crucial role in regulating function & _________

Answer 6

mood

Question 7

glutamate primary function is in neuronal communication, learning, memory and overall brain __________

Answer 7

function

Question 9

Glutamate acts by binding to specific receptors on the surface of neurons, leading to opening of ion __________ and the influx of positively charged ions into the cell

Answer 9

channels

Question 11

acetylcholine function is to act as a chemical messenger, transmitting signals between neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system, playing a vital role in __________ movement, memory and other bodily functions

Answer 11

muscle

Question 12

Serotonin relays signals between nerve cells and regulating various functions, including mood, _________, appetite, learning, memory and more

Answer 12

sleep

Question 13

Dopamine plays vital role in motor control, motivation, ________ and learning

Answer 13

reward

Question 14

Norepinephrine plays vital role in body’s “_________-__________” response influencing alertness, arousal, attention, and stress reaction as well as affecting mood, sleep, and memory

Answer 14

Fight or flight

Question 15

Functioning tolerance is the decrease response to a substance, such as __________ or _______, over time due to repeated exposure

Answer 15

alcohol, drugs

Question 16

Up-regulation is an increase in receptor availability at the synapses of a neuron (makin it more sensitive to a specific substance or ______________)

Answer 16

hormone

Question 17

Down-regulation

Question 18

down regulation is compensatory ________ in receptor availability at the synapses of a neuron

Answer 18

decrease

Question 19

Cross-Tolerance is a tolerance to the effects of a certain drug produces tolerance to the effect of another ______

Answer 19

drug

Question 20

Ligand is a molecule that binds to a specific site on another molecule, which is often a ________ called a receptor

Answer 20

protein

Question 21

Agonist is a chemical substance that binds to and activates certain _________ on cells, causing a biological response

Answer 21

receptors

Question 22

Antagonist is a substance that ___________ or blocks action of another substance or agent. They interfere with the normal function of a system activity of another molecule

Answer 22

opposes

Question 23

Binding affinity is the strength of interaction between ____ molecules typically indicating a stronger, more stable binding

Answer 23

Two

Question 24

Binding affinity is known as simply affinity or chemical _____________

Answer 24

attraction

Question 25

Efficacy is _________ as intrinsic activity

Answer 25

known

Question 26

Efficacy is the extent to which a drug molecule activates the ____________

Answer 26

receptor

Question 27

Dose-response curve is the relationship between drug doses and observed __________ when plotted as a graph

Answer 27

effect

Question 28

Blood brain barrier inhibits the ___________________ of larger molecules out of the bloodstream and into the brain

Answer 28

movement

Question 29

Functional _____________is when a cell is changing how many receptors it has on its surface

Answer 29

tolerance

Question 30

Down-regulation is a decrease of number of receptors available to the _______

Answer 30

Drug

Question 31

Up-regulate is the increase of number of receptors - to become more ________ & counteract the drug effect

Answer 31

sensitive

Question 32

"Exogenous substances" refers to any substance that originates or is derived from outside an organism, tissue, or cell, as opposed to being produced within.

Question 33

In biology, "endogenous" refers to something that originates or develops from within an organism, tissue, or cell, as opposed to being introduced from outside

Question 34

Opioid peptides, like enkephalins and endorphins, are endogenous neurotransmitters that bind to opioid receptors, playing a crucial role in regulating pain, emotions, and other physiological functions

Question 35

Opioid peptides are naturally occurring molecules (neurotransmitters) that act as ligands for opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Key functions: Pain relief (analgesia): They help reduce the perception of pain. Euphoria and reward: They contribute to feelings of pleasure and reward. Stress response: They play a role in the body's response to stress. Food intake: They influence appetite and eating behavior. Cardiovascular protection: They can have protective effects on the heart. Other functions: They are also involved in emotions, attachment behaviors, motivation, and learning.

Question 36

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a subcortical brain structure within the ventral striatum, considered a key part of the brain's reward system, playing a crucial role in motivation, reward processing, and mediating the effects of certain psychoactive drugs.

Question 37

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a midbrain region crucial for reward processing, motivation, and learning, primarily through its dopaminergic neurons that project to areas like the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex.

Question 38

The VTA is a part of the brain's reward system, and it increase dopamine release in the VTA, leading to the pleasurable feelings and reinforcing behaviors associated with addiction.

Question 39

Gaseous neurotransmitters, also known as gasotransmitters, are a class of small, gaseous molecules that act as signaling molecules, similar to traditional neurotransmitters.

Question 40

gasotransmitters are synthesized on demand and diffuse freely across cell membranes.

Question 41

6 ways for medical intervention for substance abuse

Answer 41

- Lessening the discomfort of withdrawal and drug craving Benzodiazepines and other sedatives, anti-nausea medications, and drugs that promote sleep all help reduce withdrawal symptoms -Providing alternative tot eh addivtive drug agonist or partial agonist anliogs -Directly blocking the actiona of the addivtive drug spefic receptor antagonists -Altering metabolism of the addivtive drug -Blocking the brain's reward circuitry when a person takes medicine _immunization to render the drug ineffective vaccines agaisnt such drugs as cocnaines....

Question 42

The two main types of anxiolytics (anti-anxiety medications) are benzodiazepines, which are fast-acting and can be sedating, and non-benzodiazepines, which are slower-acting and generally less sedating

Question 43

1st and 2nd generation antipsychotic drugs differ in their mechanism of action, side effects, and efficacy.

Question 44

Cocaine prevents the dopamine from being recycled, causing excessive amounts to build up in the synapse, or junction between neuron

Question 45

cocaine alters the balance between direct and indirect pathway projections from NAc to the VP, and this synaptic effect might contribute the rewarding property of cocaine

Question 46

he primary psychoactive ingredient in cannabis (weed) is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC

Question 47

Without insulin, glucose, a type of sugar, cannot enter the body's cells for energy, leading to a buildup of glucose in the bloodstream and potentially causing serious health problems like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and even death.

Question 48

The mesocortical pathway, connecting the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the prefrontal cortex, is primarily involved in cognition and executive functions, while the mesolimbic pathway, connecting the VTA to the ventral striatum (including the nucleus accumbens), is crucial for reward, motivation, and emotions.

Question 49

Endogenous opioids and their receptors modulate dopaminergic activity and the cortisol response to stress, both of which are involved in the reward response to ...

Question 50

Opiates bind to three main types of receptors: mu (μ), delta (δ), and kappa (κ) opioid receptors, which are located in the central and peripheral nervous systems.