CH6 Energy and Metabolism Flashcards
What are the primary roles that protein play in the body?
Protein…
1. Creates antibodies to fight infection
So they can…
- Grow and maintain tissue (anabolism), like building connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and cartilage
in order to…
- relay nervous system messages
So they can…
- aid in biochemical processes
To…
5. Transport and store nutrient
In order to have
6. the proteins albumin and globulin support fluid balance
And…
7. Help maintain blood pH via hemoglobin
List the cellular components that make up a cell.
● Plasma / Cell Membrane - this surrounds all of the organelles and cytoplasm of a cell. It has two layers which are made up of lipids and proteins.
● Cytoplasm - the cytoplasm is the viscous fluid within a living cell, even the nucleus.
● Nucleus - the nucleus has its very own membrane and holds the DNA within.
● Ribosomes - these small, round organelles are made up of proteins and
RNA.
● Golgi Body / Apparatus - this organelle has folded membranes which are used for packaging and transporting membrane-bound proteins.
● Endoplasmic Reticulum - this network of tubules are attached to the nuclear membrane in the cells.
● Lysosomes - these organelles are filled with digestive enzymes that break down materials the cell has taken in.
● Mitochondria - this organelle has a double membrane and many folds inside which are responsible for generating chemical energy for many biochemical reactions.
Glucose
A simple sugar the body uses for energy production on the cellular level.
Whatever is not used or stored as glycogen gets converted to triglycerides and stored as fat
Respiratory Quotient (RQ)
RQ = volume CO2 exhaled / volume of O2 inhaled
It is a way to measure the relative amounts of fats, carbs, and proteins being burned for energy.
It represents the ratio of CO2 volume expired to the oxygen volume taking in. Essentially it is a way to measure energy expenditure by oxygen being consumed and carbon dioxide produced.
The RQ for a carbohydrate would be 1.0. For fats it would be 0.7. For protein it would be a 0.8.
Define “ATP”.
adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cells.
An energy-carrying molecule used to fuel body processes.
Define ADP
adenosine diphosphate
An organic compound essential to the flow of energy in living cells.
Where does the energy come from that fuels our physical activity?
Energy mainly comes from the sun. The plants and animals, which we eat, provide us with nutrients we need for energy.
what are the energy systems?
ATP/creatine phosphate system (ATP-CP), Glycolysis, and oxidative
Describe the ATP-CP system, what type of exercise each system is primarily used for, and how long it lasts.
creatine phosphate (CP) energy system, also known as phosphocreatine.
The anaerobic energy system that provides rapid energy using creatine phosphate to generate ATP.
CP is a compound stored within the muscle cells. When the initial stores of ATP are used up, the CP is then broken down to create ATP to replenish and use more quickly. ATP turns to ADP by breaking a phosphate bond and this results in energy.
This energy system is used for powerful and quick work but plays a role in the onset of all activity. This is the primary source of energy from 0 - 10 seconds.
Describe the Glycolysis system, what type of exercise each system is primarily used for, and how long it lasts.
this energy system will last from 10 - 120 seconds of time when the immediate demand for oxygen is larger than the supply of oxygen.
The anaerobic energy system converting glucose to lactate when oxygen is limited.
This energy pathway uses one molecule of ATP to convert glucose to glucose phosphate. Glycogen may also be used in the process. This pathway will produce lactic acid as a by-product.
Describe the oxidative system, what type of exercise each system is primarily used for, and how long it lasts.
This is the last energy system, and it takes place with the use of oxygen to make energy. It becomes the primary system after the anerobic glycolysis systems leaves as the main system. This means any time after about 120 seconds of activity.
Anaerobic glycolysis produces what?
lactic acid
what is lactic acid?
The chemical by-product of anaerobic glycolysis.
What is the purpose of lactic acid?
- To make ATP
- To make glucose in the liver
- As a signaling molecule
Describe the role of lactic acid during intense activity.
During intense activity, mitochondria in the cell prefer lactate for energy. Lactate also signals the body to stop the metabolism of fat for energy and switch to the faster metabolism of glucose and glycogen. As more lactic acid is produced, it is released into the blood for use by the heart and brain, which both prefer it (over glucose or glycogen) for energy. However, when excess lactic acid and hydrogen ions build up in the tissues as a by-product of metabolism, they lead to muscular fatigue and muscular soreness. This buildup in the muscle cells causes the burning sensation many people describe during intense activity.
