Ch 7: Client Assessments

Question 1

What is CHD?

Answer 1

coronary heart disease

Question 2

What % more fat do women generally have than men?

Answer 2

6 - 11 percent higher bodyfat on average

Question 3

What are the Relative Contraindications which will require written approval and guidelines from a client’s physician?

Answer 3

• Risk factors for CHD
• Diabetes
• Low Functional Capacity
• Musculoskeletal Limitations
• Pacemaker or Defibrillator

Question 4

List the Body Fat Percentage norms.

Answer 4

Male Female
Low/ 4-6% 10-12%
essential
Athletic 7-10% 13-20
Fit 11-16 21-24
Average 17-25 25-31
Obese >26 >32

Question 5

What is the formula to calculate BMI?

Answer 5

BMI = weight (kg) / height (m2)

for imperial measurements use:
[weight (lbs)/(height inches) x (height inches)] x 703=BMI

Question 6

What are the categories of BMI measures?

Answer 6

Underweight = 18.5 or lower

Normal = 18.5 - 24.9

Overweight = 25 - 29.9

Obese = 30 or higher

Question 7

waist to height ratio

Answer 7

Waist-to-height ratio = (waist circumference / height) × 100

a measurement used to predict an individual’s obesity-related heart disease risk

Question 8

Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)

Answer 8

WHR = waist circumference / hip circumference

A predictive health measure comparing the circumference of the waist to the circumference of the hips.

Question 9

What do skinfold measurements measure?

Answer 9

body density

Question 10

What is body density?

Answer 10

Body mass per unit of body volume

determined by dividing its mass by its volume.

Question 11

What are the Waist-to-Height Ratio norms?

Answer 11

Underweight = Male < 35, Female < 35

Extremely slim = Male 35 - 43, Female 35 - 42

Slender and healthy = Male 43 - 46, Female 42 - 46

Healthy ideal weight = Male 46 - 53, Female 46 - 49

Overweight = Male 53 - 58, Female 49 - 54

Seriously overweight = Male 58 - 63, Female 54 - 58

Extremely obese = Male > 63, Female > 58

Question 12

What are Circumference Measurements and how are they used?

Answer 12

These are also known as girth measurements. These measurements are used to assess the circumference around specific areas of the body like the

These measures are used to track changes that occur during training programs. They are reliable and allow clients to actually see what changes are occurring in their body. Measurements are typically done on the right side of the body.

Question 13

List the normal locations for circumference measurements

Answer 13

1. Neck
2. Upper arm relaxed
3. Forearm relaxed
4. Waist
5. Hips
6. Thigh
7. Calf

Question 14

What are skinfold measurements? Are they more accurate than girth measurements?

Answer 14

Skinfold measurements are valuable for assessing the body density and body composition without needing too much information or materials. The test is more accurate than girth measurements, but trainers will need to have quite a bit of practice in order to accurately produce results. The measurements should be done on the same side each time, preferably the right side. Skinfold measures use specific sites of the body which hold the majority of fat for people.

Question 15

Briefly explain how to use calipers.

Answer 15

Briefly explain how to use calipers.

Question 16

What are the typical skinfold measurement sites?

Answer 16

• Triceps
• Subscapular
• Chest
• Midaxillary
• Suprailiac
• Abdominal
• Thigh

Question 17

What is V02 max?

Answer 17

The maximum amount of oxygen an individual can use during exercise.

Question 18

What is bioelectrical impedance?

Answer 18

It is where an electrical current is run through the body to estimate body fat and lean body mass. It has a 4% error.

Question 19

List and describe DEXA and Underwater Weighing.

Answer 19

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA): A single X-ray source is used to determine whole-body and regional estimates of lean tissue, bone, mineral, and fat

Underwater weighing: Underwater weighing compares the weight of the subject in the air to the weight of the subject completely submerged in water. Because fat is less dense than water, a person with a high amount of fat will weigh less underwater than a person of similar weight who has less fat

Question 20

What do Cardiorespiratory Fitness Assessments look to assess?

Answer 20

These types of assessments determine just how well the heart, lungs, and muscles of a client will perform during many different degrees of exercise intensity. There are both subjective and objective measures which can be utilized here, too. Subjective data relates to the perceived exertions of clients, and objective data includes things such as resting heart rate and blood pressure.

Question 21

What factors can influence someone’s resting heart rate during the day?

Answer 21

High temperatures: Pulse may raise when in higher temperatures.

Emotions: Stress, anxiety, and excitement can all cause a rise in heart rate.

Medications: There are medications that can increase or decrease heart rate.

Stimulants: Caffeine, nicotine, and tobacco can all cause a rise in heart rate.

Recent exercise: Heart rate will usually remain elevated immediately following a workout.

Standing up: There will usually be a spike in blood pressure when getting up from a seated position.

Question 22

What time is best to take a resting heart rate measure?

Answer 22

It is important to take a measure for resting heart rate right after waking up and before getting out of bed so that it can be the most accurate.

Question 23

What are the typical track tests for cardiovascular fitness assessment?

Answer 23

Cooper 12-minute run - this test is good for nearly all populations and can be matched to the client’s current fitness level.

1.5 mile run - this is a very average test where the client must complete 1.5 miles on a set track. It is better utilized for tracking cardio progress and not comparisons to other norms.

Rockport 1 mile walk - this test has the client walking as fast as they possibly can and then taking the client’s pulse for one minute and note the time taken to complete the mile

Question 24

What is the kinetic chain? Know the anatomical locations.

Answer 24

The kinetic chain is discussed to understand how the body moves. It views the body as a system of links, which are represented by the joints. Force is transferred through them and the joints affect each other joint. The six areas of the kinetic chain are:

Foot and ankle

Knee

Hips

Spine

Shoulders

Head and neck

Question 25

Bench Press Test

Answer 25

estimates 1-rep max; upper body maximal strength

STEP1: 100 − (number of reps × 2.5) / 100 = estimated percentage of 1RM

STEP 2: Weight lifted / estimated percentage of 1RM = estimated 1RM

STEP 3: Estimated 1RM / body weight = comparable assessment value

Question 26

What are overactive and underactive muscles?

Answer 26

Overactive muscles - Muscles that are shortened beyond the ideal length-tension relationship with high neural activation that feel tight.

Underactive muscles - Muscles that are lengthened beyond the ideal length-tension relationship and are, therefore, inhibited and less capable of producing force.

Question 27

Explain the benefits of good posture

Answer 27

Good posture enhances biomechanical efficiency, reduces risk of injury and allows for correct organ function. unrelated to physical activity, good posture inspires a sense of well-being, confidence and social advantage.

Question 28

List and explain the three abnormal postural deviations.

Answer 28

Lordosis: an excessive inward curve of the lower spine

Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

Kyphosis: an excessive rounding of the upper spine

Question 29

Discuss the role(s) of posture and postural deviations in athletic performance and specifically why alignment deviations can hinder performance.

Answer 29

Correct postural alignment is naturally tantamount to optimal athletic performance as it dictates the biomechanical efficiency and performance longevity of an athlete. Postural deviations, therefore, lead to diminished performance potential due to full system misalignment.

Question 30

What are knee valgus and knee varus? What can this posture disfunction cause?

Answer 30

Knee valgus - the position of the near the midline of the body. (distal point of feet “goes away” from midline). “Knock Knee”

Knee varus - the position of the knee away from the midline of the body. (distal point of feet falls “right in” toward midline). “Bowlegged”

This may cause:

bunions;

ACL issues;

Achilles tendonitis;

posterior tibialis tendonitis;

shin splints;

tarsal tunnel syndrome;

low back pain.

Question 31

Explain the key to having a well-aligned and balanced body.

Answer 31

The key is to proportionately develop the agonist and antagonist muscle groups in all movement systems about a joint.