CH4 Supporting Systems Flashcards
components of circulatory system
heart, blood vessels, blood
Function of circulatory system
- facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, thereby transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and moving carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs to be excreted
- responsible for the transport of nutrients from the digestive system to body tissues
- clearing house for the biochemical waste products resulting from physical activity, such as weight training or aerobic exercise.
what is the role of the heart in training?
To supply oxygen and energy by blood circulation.
describe the functioning of the chambers of the heart
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body. It then moves on to the right ventricle, where it is pumped via the pulmonary arteries to the lungs to receive oxygen. This oxygenated blood then returns from the lungs via the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, where it is moved into the left ventricle through the aorta and out to the rest of the body.
TEST TIP
The atrium (plural: atria) receives blood; ventricles pump it out.
Blood leaving the right ventricle will be right back—it moves to the lungs for oxygen before returning to the heart.
Blood leaving the left ventricle has left—it is headed out to the body.
“Tri before you bi”—the tricuspid valve is on the right side of the heart and the bicuspid valve is on the left side. Blood passes through the “tri” before the “bi”—right side, then left.
What is systolic pressure?
pressure exerted on arterial walls during ventricular contraction
The heartbeat phase where muscle contraction moves blood from the heart chambers to the arteries.
What is dystolic pressure?
the pressure achieved during ventricle relaxation bottom #
The heartbeat phase where the cardiac muscle relaxes and the heart chambers fill with blood
stroke volume
The volume of blood pumped from left ventricle in one beat
changes in heart rate are facilitated by…?
- stroke volume (volume of blood pumped from left ventricle in one heart beat)
- heart rate (# of beats/min)
hypotension
Low blood pressure measuring <=90/60mm Hg
Hypertension
High blood pressure measuring more than 140/90 mm Hg.
list the norms for blood pressure levels
systolic
normal….< 120
elevated ….<130
hypertension, stage 1….130- 139
hypertension, stage 2…140+
hypertensive crisis…>=180
diastolic
normal….< 80
elevated ….<80
hypertension, stage 1….80-89
hypertension, stage 2…90+
hypertensive crisis…>=120
Describe the factors that affect blood pressure measurement
- Cardiac output: the amount of blood that is pumped through the heart each minute
- Blood volume: the total volume of blood held in the circulatory system of a person
- Peripheral resistance: the resistance to blood flow within the arteries
- Blood viscosity: the thickness and stickiness of blood and how that may affect the flow and blood vessels
function of lymphatic system
considered a part of the circulatory system
defense against infection and disease
regulates fluid volume and pressure within the tissues
Balancing interstitial fluids
Absorbing fats and fat-soluble vitamins
what are the major structures of the lymphatic system
lymph nodes
tonsils
spleen
thymus
Explain the endocrine system
It is a system of organs which uses hormones as a means to control the flow of information between the different tissues and organs of the body.
Regulates growth, development, homeostasis, reproduction, and metabolic activities through hormones, which are chemical messengers. We store, create, and release hormones via the endocrine glands throughout the body.
Explain the role of hormones in the body.
Hormones are chemicals that regulate metabolic and nervous function through the binding to appropriate cellular receptors.
Hypothalamus
the main role is to keep homeostasis in the body. It may stimulate or inhibit the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, fluid and electrolyte balance, sleep cycles, and much more.
pineal gland
secretes melatonin
pituitary gland
control other parts of the endocrine systems, like the thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes
Thyroid
regulate metabolism
Parathyroid
in the neck; controls the calcium levels in your body, and normals the bone growth
Thymus
only active until puberty is complete. It stimulates T lymphocyte development, which plays roles in the defense against illness and infection.
adrenal glands
glands that help the body recover from stress and respond to emergencies
keep a balance of blood glucose
ovaries
secrete hormones that are needed for female reproductive fertility and development.
testes
responsible for keeping male health with regards to reproduction.
What are the primary hormones that a fitness professional needs to be familiar with?
Testosterone
Growth Hormone
Insulin-like Growth Factors
Insulin
Cortisol
Catecholamines
What might growth hormone do as an effect?
Increase protein synthesis
Increase fat breakdown
Increase collagen synthesis
Decrease glucose utilization
What are the effects of short term elevated cortisol levels?
- Increases blood sugar (glucose) levels
- Enhances the brain’s use of glucose
- Reduces inflammation
- Reduces unnecessary bodily functions during the fight-or-flight response
What are the effects of long term elevated cortisol levels?
- Increases appetite
- Increases blood pressure
- Promotes weight gain
- Contributes to type 2 diabetes
What is the digestive system?
The digestive system will collectively break down food into smaller molecules to use in the production of energy at a cellular level.
There will be 6 primary functions to get to this breakdown of food for energy
Functions of the digestive system.
- Ingestion - the taking in of food via the mouth.
- Mechanical digestion - this is chewing, or mastication, and the churning and mixing actions of the stomach further breaking down the food.
- Chemical digestion - enzymes released through the digestive tract are introduced here to break down particular molecules.
- Movements - food is moved through the whole digestive system by rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscles in the digestive tract. This is also called peristalsis.
- Absorption - simple molecules will be absorbed by the cell membranes in the lining of the small intestine to the blood and lymph systems.
- Elimination - removing waste and other indigestible particles.
What is the integumentary system?
- largest human organ system
- covers the entirety of the human body in the form of skin, hair, and nails.
- The system is used as a way to protect the internal organs from damage and disease, prevent losing fluids and water, and helping to regulate the temperature of the body.
What is the process of external respiration?
The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood in the lungs.
Which endocrine hormone promotes the breakdown of protein in muscle cells?
cortisol
