CH4 Supporting Systems

Question 1

components of circulatory system

Answer 1

heart, blood vessels, blood

Question 2

Function of circulatory system

Answer 2

• facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, thereby transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and moving carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs to be excreted
• responsible for the transport of nutrients from the digestive system to body tissues
• clearing house for the biochemical waste products resulting from physical activity, such as weight training or aerobic exercise.

Question 3

what is the role of the heart in training?

Answer 3

To supply oxygen and energy by blood circulation.

Question 4

describe the functioning of the chambers of the heart

Answer 4

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body. It then moves on to the right ventricle, where it is pumped via the pulmonary arteries to the lungs to receive oxygen. This oxygenated blood then returns from the lungs via the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, where it is moved into the left ventricle through the aorta and out to the rest of the body.

TEST TIP

The atrium (plural: atria) receives blood; ventricles pump it out.

Blood leaving the right ventricle will be right back—it moves to the lungs for oxygen before returning to the heart.

Blood leaving the left ventricle has left—it is headed out to the body.

“Tri before you bi”—the tricuspid valve is on the right side of the heart and the bicuspid valve is on the left side. Blood passes through the “tri” before the “bi”—right side, then left.

Question 5

What is systolic pressure?

Answer 5

pressure exerted on arterial walls during ventricular contraction

The heartbeat phase where muscle contraction moves blood from the heart chambers to the arteries.

Question 6

What is dystolic pressure?

Answer 6

the pressure achieved during ventricle relaxation bottom #

The heartbeat phase where the cardiac muscle relaxes and the heart chambers fill with blood

Question 7

stroke volume

Answer 7

The volume of blood pumped from left ventricle in one beat

Question 8

changes in heart rate are facilitated by…?

Answer 8

1. stroke volume (volume of blood pumped from left ventricle in one heart beat)
2. heart rate (# of beats/min)

Question 9

hypotension

Answer 9

Low blood pressure measuring <=90/60mm Hg

Question 10

Hypertension

Answer 10

High blood pressure measuring more than 140/90 mm Hg.

Question 11

list the norms for blood pressure levels

Answer 11

systolic

normal….< 120

elevated ….<130

hypertension, stage 1….130- 139

hypertension, stage 2…140+

hypertensive crisis…>=180

diastolic

normal….< 80

elevated ….<80

hypertension, stage 1….80-89

hypertension, stage 2…90+

hypertensive crisis…>=120

Question 12

Describe the factors that affect blood pressure measurement

Answer 12

1. Cardiac output: the amount of blood that is pumped through the heart each minute
2. Blood volume: the total volume of blood held in the circulatory system of a person
3. Peripheral resistance: the resistance to blood flow within the arteries
4. Blood viscosity: the thickness and stickiness of blood and how that may affect the flow and blood vessels

Question 13

function of lymphatic system

Answer 13

considered a part of the circulatory system

defense against infection and disease

regulates fluid volume and pressure within the tissues

Balancing interstitial fluids

Absorbing fats and fat-soluble vitamins

Question 14

what are the major structures of the lymphatic system

Answer 14

lymph nodes

tonsils

spleen

thymus

Question 15

Explain the endocrine system

Answer 15

It is a system of organs which uses hormones as a means to control the flow of information between the different tissues and organs of the body.

Regulates growth, development, homeostasis, reproduction, and metabolic activities through hormones, which are chemical messengers. We store, create, and release hormones via the endocrine glands throughout the body.

Question 16

Explain the role of hormones in the body.

Answer 16

Hormones are chemicals that regulate metabolic and nervous function through the binding to appropriate cellular receptors.

Question 17

Hypothalamus

Answer 17

the main role is to keep homeostasis in the body. It may stimulate or inhibit the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, fluid and electrolyte balance, sleep cycles, and much more.

Question 18

pineal gland

Answer 18

secretes melatonin

Question 19

pituitary gland

Answer 19

control other parts of the endocrine systems, like the thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes

Question 20

Thyroid

Answer 20

regulate metabolism

Question 21

Parathyroid

Answer 21

in the neck; controls the calcium levels in your body, and normals the bone growth

Question 22

Thymus

Answer 22

only active until puberty is complete. It stimulates T lymphocyte development, which plays roles in the defense against illness and infection.

Question 23

adrenal glands

Answer 23

glands that help the body recover from stress and respond to emergencies

keep a balance of blood glucose

Question 24

ovaries

Answer 24

secrete hormones that are needed for female reproductive fertility and development.

Question 25

testes

Answer 25

responsible for keeping male health with regards to reproduction.

Question 26

What are the primary hormones that a fitness professional needs to be familiar with?

Answer 26

Testosterone

Growth Hormone

Insulin-like Growth Factors

Insulin

Cortisol

Catecholamines

Question 27

What might growth hormone do as an effect?

Answer 27

Increase protein synthesis
Increase fat breakdown
Increase collagen synthesis
Decrease glucose utilization

Question 28

What are the effects of short term elevated cortisol levels?

Answer 28

• Increases blood sugar (glucose) levels
• Enhances the brain’s use of glucose
• Reduces inflammation
• Reduces unnecessary bodily functions during the fight-or-flight response

Question 29

What are the effects of long term elevated cortisol levels?

Answer 29

• Increases appetite
• Increases blood pressure
• Promotes weight gain
• Contributes to type 2 diabetes

Question 30

What is the digestive system?

Answer 30

The digestive system will collectively break down food into smaller molecules to use in the production of energy at a cellular level.

There will be 6 primary functions to get to this breakdown of food for energy

Question 31

Functions of the digestive system.

Answer 31

1. Ingestion - the taking in of food via the mouth.
2. Mechanical digestion - this is chewing, or mastication, and the churning and mixing actions of the stomach further breaking down the food.
3. Chemical digestion - enzymes released through the digestive tract are introduced here to break down particular molecules.
4. Movements - food is moved through the whole digestive system by rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscles in the digestive tract. This is also called peristalsis.
5. Absorption - simple molecules will be absorbed by the cell membranes in the lining of the small intestine to the blood and lymph systems.
6. Elimination - removing waste and other indigestible particles.

Question 32

What is the integumentary system?

Answer 32

• largest human organ system
• covers the entirety of the human body in the form of skin, hair, and nails.
• The system is used as a way to protect the internal organs from damage and disease, prevent losing fluids and water, and helping to regulate the temperature of the body.

Question 33

What is the process of external respiration?

Answer 33

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood in the lungs.

Question 34

Which endocrine hormone promotes the breakdown of protein in muscle cells?

Answer 34

cortisol