CH 16: Chronic Conditions

Question 1

what are beta blockers?

Answer 1

One of the most widely prescribed classes of drugs to treat hypertension.

Question 2

why would you measure max heart rate differently in somebody taking blood pressure medication? What’s the equation?

Answer 2

If a client is taking medication to control blood pressure, then it is necessary to adjust how the maximum heart rate is determined. Beta blockers block specific receptors to reduce the effects of signals sent to increase heart rate. When these receptors are blocked, the heart does not receive messages to speed up and maintains a slower rate and lower blood pressure.

162 – (0.7 x age) = estimated maximum heart rate (HRmax)

Question 3

What’s a tip to remember the purpose of insulin?

Answer 3

thinking of insulin as the door of a castle that controls when glucose gets “in.”

Question 4

What risks are increased when a person has hypertension?

Answer 4

The risks for heart disease and stroke are increased with the presence of hypertension and these are two major leading causes of death for Americans.

Question 5

Define Postexercise Hypotension.

Answer 5

This is the drop in blood pressure within the first minutes of an exercise session ending.

Question 6

List the risk factors for hypertension.

Answer 6

Obesity, diabetes mellitus, an unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and excessive alcohol consumption are common risk factors for hypertension.

Question 7

What are the exercise options for cardio and resistance exercise when clients have hypertension?

Answer 7

Cardiorespiratory exercise

150-minute moderate-intensity exercise per week Or 75 minutes of vigorous activity
Or any combination of moderate and vigorous activity

Resistance exercise

Moderate-high intensity exercise two days per week. Increase intensity over time, warm-up, and cooldown.

Question 8

What is the adjusted equation to find max heart rate when a client has hypertension and uses beta blockers?

Answer 8

162 – (0.7 x age) = estimated maximum heart rate (HRmax)

Question 9

What is DASH? How can it help with hypertension?

Answer 9

DASH= Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.

• a diet that involves taking in low levels of sodium and whole foods
• created to specifically combat hypertensive clients.

The user will eat many vegetables, fruits, and whole grains while limiting the fatty foods and sugar intake.

Question 10

Define the different types of diabetes.

Answer 10

Diabetes is present when the body does not utilize insulin efficiently. This can happen due to many different reasons specific to the type of diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition in which the pancreas either does not produce insulin or does not produce enough insulin. This is a type that people may be born with.

Type 2 diabetes is a long-term metabolic disorder that has high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and lack of insulin resulting later. This is often developed in life due to diet and physical inactivity.

Gestational diabetes is a condition that comes from elevated glucose levels in the blood during pregnancy, and this will often be a result after birth of the child.

Prediabetes is a condition where blood glucose is higher than it should, but not yet in the range of diabetes.

Question 11

Diabetes

Answer 11

present when the body does not utilize insulin efficiently. This can happen due to many different reasons specific to the type of diabetes.

Question 12

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 12

a chronic condition in which the pancreas either does not produce insulin or does not produce enough insulin. This is a type that people may be born with.

Question 13

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 13

a long-term metabolic disorder that has high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and lack of insulin resulting later. This is often developed in life due to diet and physical inactivity.

Question 14

Gestational diabetes

Answer 14

is a condition that comes from elevated glucose levels in the blood during pregnancy, and this will often be a result after birth of the child.

Question 15

Prediabetes

Answer 15

is a condition where blood glucose is higher than it should, but not yet in the range of diabetes.

Question 16

What are the risk factors for diabetes?

Answer 16

Being overweight, age, family history, physical inactivity, ethnicity, and gestational diabetes.

Question 17

What are some recommendations for program design with diabetic clients?

Answer 17

Low to moderate intensity activity is preferred in cases of diabetes as it can lower the risk of a cardiovascular disease event from happening.

Moderate to high intensity activity has also been found to reduce the risk of death for clients with diabetes, but it shouldn’t be used on untrained clients.

Diabetic clients with advanced peripheral neuropathy and proliferative retinopathy should avoid vigorous aerobic activity and heavy weightlifting.

Question 18

Why is blood glucose monitored after exercise for diabetic clients?

Answer 18

for the prevention of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis.

The client and fitness professional should collaborate for this. Tracking over the long term can get an idea of how the specific people react to exercise each time.

Question 19

What is Ketoacidosis

Answer 19

A serious complication of diabetes that occurs when the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones.

Question 20

Know the four different forms of arthritis.

Answer 20

Osteoarthritis – this is the degenerative joint disease caused by wear and tear of the joints. The hands, hips, and knees are most typically affected by osteoarthritis, causing loss of strength, reduced flexibility, reduced proprioception, and joint pain. Over 30 million US adults have this condition, 68 percent of whom are over 65 years old.

Rheumatoid arthritis – this is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease that most commonly affects the hands, wrists, and elbows. About 1 percent of Americans have this condition; two-thirds are women.

Fibromyalgia – this is a condition that causes pain all over the body, sleep problems, fatigue, and emotional and mental distress. Clients with this condition have abnormal pain perception processing, a side effect of the condition, which causes them to be much more sensitive to pain.

Gout – this is an inflammatory arthritis that affects one joint of the body at a time— typically the big toe. This condition comes and goes unpredictably. When the disease is active, it is called a flare, and when it is dormant, it is called a remission.

Question 21

Osteoarthritis

Answer 21

this is the degenerative joint disease caused by wear and tear of the joints. The hands, hips, and knees are most typically affected by osteoarthritis, causing loss of strength, reduced flexibility, reduced proprioception, and joint pain. Over 30 million US adults have this condition, 68 percent of whom are over 65 years old.

Question 22

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 22

this is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease that most commonly affects the hands, wrists, and elbows. About 1 percent of Americans have this condition; two-thirds are women.

Question 23

Fibromyalgia

Answer 23

this is a condition that causes pain all over the body, sleep problems, fatigue, and emotional and mental distress. Clients with this condition have abnormal pain perception processing, a side effect of the condition, which causes them to be much more sensitive to pain.

Question 24

Gout

Answer 24

this is an inflammatory arthritis that affects one joint of the body at a time— typically the big toe. This condition comes and goes unpredictably. When the disease is active, it is called a flare, and when it is dormant, it is called a remission.

Question 25

What are the risk factors for arthritis?

Answer 25

Risk factors include age, sex, obesity, genetics, overuse, smoking, nutrition, and health history.

Question 26

Know the recommendations for aerobic exercise and clients with arthritis.

Answer 26

Clients should start with 5 – 10 minutes of physical activity 2 – 3 times per day until they are able to reach some of these recommendations:
- 150 minutes of moderate intensity cardio
- 75 minutes of vigorous intensity cardio
- A combination of moderate and vigorous intensity exercise
- Inclusion of low impact exercise like brisk walking, swimming, group exercise, and more like this.

Question 27

Know the recommendations for strength exercise and clients with arthritis.

Answer 27

Client should aim to get 2 – 3 days per week of resistance training. A lot of research shows that 2x per week will still give 80 – 9% of the effects that would be had by training even more often. Clients with arthritis should get 48 hours of rest between their sessions.

Question 28

Know the SMART plan for clients with arthritis.

Answer 28

S: starting low and going slow

M: modifying activity when symptoms increase but trying to stay active

A: activities should be “joint-friendly”

R: recognizing safe places and ways to be active

T: talking to a health professional or certified exercise specialist

Question 29

What is coronary artery disease? List the other heart-related conditions.

Answer 29

This is defined by a narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries.

Arrhythmia – this is an irregular or unusually fast or slow heartbeat. Two types of arrhythmia include ventricular fibrillation, which may lead to death if not treated right away with an electrical shock, called defibrillation, and atrial fibrillation, which may cause a stroke.

Cardiomyopathy – this is when the heart becomes enlarged or stiff. This makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body.

Heart failure – this is also called congestive heart failure, this is when the heart is too weak to pump blood to meet the body’s needs. Fluids build up in the lungs, liver, gastrointestinal tract, arms, and legs.

Peripheral arterial disease – this is when the blood vessels in the arms and legs become narrowed or stiff—usually the cause of atherosclerosis—and blood flow is low or fully blocked.

Question 30

What are the risk factors for coronary artery disease?

Answer 30

Obesity, physical inactivity, high blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes.

Question 31

What is the recommendation for program design for clients with coronary artery disease?

Answer 31

Cardio and aerobic exercise should start slow and increase until the person can do 150 minutes a week of moderate intensity exercise, or 75 minutes of vigorous activity, or a combination of these two things.

Question 32

Know the signs and symptoms of a heart attack.

Answer 32

The signs and symptoms of a heart attack include the following:
* Chest pain or discomfort
* Upper-body pain, such as in the arms, back, neck, jaw, or upper stomach
* Shortness of breath
* Nausea, lightheadedness, or cold sweats

Question 33

What is asthma?

Answer 33

This is a respiratory condition which is shown by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, which causes difficulty when breathing. It affects about 300 million people throughout the world.

Question 34

List some triggers for people who have asthma.

Answer 34

Common triggers are things like tobacco smoke, dust mites, outdoor air pollution, cockroach allergen, pets, mold, smoke from burning wood or grass, and infections such as flu.

Question 35

What are the common risk factors for asthma?

Answer 35

Some of the common risk factors are sex, family history, allergies, smoking, and obesity.