CH3 Movement Systems Flashcards
all-or-none principle
The principle that when a neuron fires, it fires with the same potency each time; a neuron either fires or not—it cannot partially fire, although the frequency of firing can vary.
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
List the elements of the vertebral column from top down
cervical vertebra, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
How many cervical/thoracic/lumbar/sacral/coccygeal vertebrae are there?
7/12/5/5/4
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
size principle of fiber recruitment
Principle stating that motor units are recruited in order according to their recruitment thresholds and firing rates.
Ex: Picking up the phone versus curling a 75-pound dumbbell exemplifies this principle. The lower-threshold motor units are recruited to pick up the phone. In order to pick up the 75-pound dumbbell, the higher-threshold motor units must be recruited in addition to the low-threshold motor units.
size principle of fiber recruitment is also known as what?
The Henneman Principle
concentric contraction
muscle shortens as it is producing tension (acceleration of a movement)
eccentric contraction
muscle lengthens as it is producing tension (deceleration of a movement)
isometric contraction
no change in length of a muscle as it produces tension (stabilization of a movement)
What is the order of strength, from strongest to weakest, of muscle contractions?
Eccentric, isometric, concentric
strength shortening cycle
Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction. (Ex: ~to a rubber band)
SSC contributes greatly to explosive movement like jumping, and it can be enhanced with the proper plyometric training.
describe the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton and the # of bones in each
axial: bones of the head, trunk, and vertebrae (80)
appendicular: bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities (limbs) (126)
List the four functions of the skeletal system in our body.
- Structural Integrity/Biomechanical Function
- Production of blood
- Storage of fat and minerals
- Organ Protection
flat bones
These bones are thin, flat, and sometimes curved.
They form the ribs, breastbone, and skull.
Protect organs and provide a large surface area for muscles to attach.
short bones
cube shaped bones of the wrist and ankle
provide stability and a limited amount of movement
long bones
bones of the arms and legs
cylindrical in shape (longer than they are wide)
support body weight and facilitate movement.
sesamoid bones
round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella)
reinforce and protect tendons from stress and wear and tear.
irregular bones
complex and irregular shapes
serve a variety of purposes, including protecting vital organs.
spinal column (vertebrae, pelvis, pubis, ilium, ischium)
What is bone composed of?
50-70% minerals
20-40% organic matrix
5-10% water
<3% lipids (fats)
Wolff’s Law
A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it (ie, strength training helps to build stronger bone)
Types of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
fibrous joints
consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together
cartilaginous joints
Moderately movable joints made of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage (Ex: Intervertebral discs)
synovial joints
created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions (Ex: knee)
what are the categories/types of bone
flat, short, long, sesamoid, irregular
Describe the three layers that make up bone.
Compact, cancellous, osteoblast
types of synovial joints
gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
ball and socket joint
hip and shoulder joints
Also known as an enarthrodial joint, this joint allows a wide range of movement in many directions.
saddle joint
type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation
The sellar or saddle joints are like ball-and-socket joints but cannot rotate.
Examples include the trapezium and the first metacarpal joint (joint between the thumb and wrist).
hinge joint
Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane. Ex: elbows, ankles, and knee joints
gliding joint
allows one bone to slide over another; found in wrist and ankles
The arthrodial or gliding joints of the body. Ex: tarsals and metatarsal of the foot. In these joints, two flat bones press up against each other.
pivot joint
Allows for rotation around the length of a bone, and only allows for rotation.
Trochoidal or pivot joints rotate around a long axis (line that runs parallel to the joint). The radioulnar joint of the forearm is a pivot joint.
condyloid joint
synovial joint that does everything except rotating
Also known as an ellipsoid joint
move in two directions—one direction primarily with a small range in another direction.
Ex: radiocarpal joint at the wrist is a prime example.
Golgi tendon organs
Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change
inhibits muscle action to prevent injury
types of ligaments
extrinsic, intrinsic, capsular
extrinsic ligaments
located on the outside of the joint. Ex: lateral collateral ligament (LCL), which resists abnormal movement away from the midline, termed varus stress.
intrinsic ligaments
the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) are situated inside the knee joint to resist anterior and posterior (forward and backward) movement of the tibia, respectively.
Varus
Inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in bowlegs
(An abnormal joint movement away from the midline of the body)
i.e., bowlegged
Tip: The “R” in Varus = “Right In(ward)”
capsular ligament
The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is a capsular ligament, so called because it is continuous with the joint capsule. It resists valgus stress at the knee by keeping the joint approximated.
Valgus
Outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in knock-knees
Pneumonic: The “G” in Valgus–> “Get outward”
Where in the brain does most information processing occur?
cerebral cortex
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) responsible for?
Conveying motor commands, carrying sensory information to the CNS, and regulating involuntary functions
Agonist
prime mover; the main muscle responsible for movement.
Ex: Biceps in a biceps curl
Antagonist
muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover
Ex: triceps during a bicep curl
Synergist
Muscle that plays a secondary role in movement
Ex: Brachialradialis during biceps curl
What does insulin do?
Hormone that makes the liver convert glucose into glycogen so it can be used for energy. Insulin also signals the liver to store blood sugar for later use.
Concentric contraction is acceleration or deceleration of movement?
Acceleration
Eccentric contraction is acceleration or deceleration of movement?
Deceleration
Eccentric contraction is acceleration or deceleration of movement?
Deceleration
What is glycogen?
It is a stored formed of glucose/energy manufactured by the liver
