CH3 Movement Systems

Question 1

all-or-none principle

Answer 1

The principle that when a neuron fires, it fires with the same potency each time; a neuron either fires or not—it cannot partially fire, although the frequency of firing can vary.

Question 2

3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 2

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 3

List the elements of the vertebral column from top down

Answer 3

cervical vertebra, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

Question 4

How many cervical/thoracic/lumbar/sacral/coccygeal vertebrae are there?

Answer 4

7/12/5/5/4

Question 5

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

Answer 5

12

Question 6

size principle of fiber recruitment

Answer 6

Principle stating that motor units are recruited in order according to their recruitment thresholds and firing rates.

Ex: Picking up the phone versus curling a 75-pound dumbbell exemplifies this principle. The lower-threshold motor units are recruited to pick up the phone. In order to pick up the 75-pound dumbbell, the higher-threshold motor units must be recruited in addition to the low-threshold motor units.

Question 7

size principle of fiber recruitment is also known as what?

Answer 7

The Henneman Principle

Question 8

concentric contraction

Answer 8

muscle shortens as it is producing tension (acceleration of a movement)

Question 9

eccentric contraction

Answer 9

muscle lengthens as it is producing tension (deceleration of a movement)

Question 10

isometric contraction

Answer 10

no change in length of a muscle as it produces tension (stabilization of a movement)

Question 11

What is the order of strength, from strongest to weakest, of muscle contractions?

Answer 11

Eccentric, isometric, concentric

Question 12

strength shortening cycle

Answer 12

Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction. (Ex: ~to a rubber band)

SSC contributes greatly to explosive movement like jumping, and it can be enhanced with the proper plyometric training.

Question 13

describe the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton and the # of bones in each

Answer 13

axial: bones of the head, trunk, and vertebrae (80)
appendicular: bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities (limbs) (126)

Question 14

List the four functions of the skeletal system in our body.

Answer 14

1. Structural Integrity/Biomechanical Function
2. Production of blood
3. Storage of fat and minerals
4. Organ Protection

Question 15

flat bones

Answer 15

These bones are thin, flat, and sometimes curved.

They form the ribs, breastbone, and skull.

Protect organs and provide a large surface area for muscles to attach.

Question 16

short bones

Answer 16

cube shaped bones of the wrist and ankle

provide stability and a limited amount of movement

Question 17

long bones

Answer 17

bones of the arms and legs

cylindrical in shape (longer than they are wide)

support body weight and facilitate movement.

Question 18

sesamoid bones

Answer 18

round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella)

reinforce and protect tendons from stress and wear and tear.

Question 19

irregular bones

Answer 19

complex and irregular shapes

serve a variety of purposes, including protecting vital organs.

spinal column (vertebrae, pelvis, pubis, ilium, ischium)

Question 20

What is bone composed of?

Answer 20

50-70% minerals

20-40% organic matrix

5-10% water

<3% lipids (fats)

Question 21

Wolff’s Law

Answer 21

A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it (ie, strength training helps to build stronger bone)

Question 22

Types of joints

Answer 22

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 23

fibrous joints

Answer 23

consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together

Question 24

cartilaginous joints

Answer 24

Moderately movable joints made of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage (Ex: Intervertebral discs)

Question 25

synovial joints

Answer 25

created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions (Ex: knee)

Question 26

what are the categories/types of bone

Answer 26

flat, short, long, sesamoid, irregular

Question 27

Describe the three layers that make up bone.

Answer 27

Compact, cancellous, osteoblast

Question 28

types of synovial joints

Answer 28

gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

Question 29

ball and socket joint

Answer 29

hip and shoulder joints

Also known as an enarthrodial joint, this joint allows a wide range of movement in many directions.

Question 30

saddle joint

Answer 30

type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation

The sellar or saddle joints are like ball-and-socket joints but cannot rotate.

Examples include the trapezium and the first metacarpal joint (joint between the thumb and wrist).

Question 31

hinge joint

Answer 31

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane. Ex: elbows, ankles, and knee joints

Question 32

gliding joint

Answer 32

allows one bone to slide over another; found in wrist and ankles

The arthrodial or gliding joints of the body. Ex: tarsals and metatarsal of the foot. In these joints, two flat bones press up against each other.

Question 33

pivot joint

Answer 33

Allows for rotation around the length of a bone, and only allows for rotation.

Trochoidal or pivot joints rotate around a long axis (line that runs parallel to the joint). The radioulnar joint of the forearm is a pivot joint.

Question 34

condyloid joint

Answer 34

synovial joint that does everything except rotating

Also known as an ellipsoid joint

move in two directions—one direction primarily with a small range in another direction.

Ex: radiocarpal joint at the wrist is a prime example.

Question 35

Golgi tendon organs

Answer 35

Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change

inhibits muscle action to prevent injury

Question 36

types of ligaments

Answer 36

extrinsic, intrinsic, capsular

Question 37

extrinsic ligaments

Answer 37

located on the outside of the joint. Ex: lateral collateral ligament (LCL), which resists abnormal movement away from the midline, termed varus stress.

Question 38

intrinsic ligaments

Answer 38

the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) are situated inside the knee joint to resist anterior and posterior (forward and backward) movement of the tibia, respectively.

Question 39

Varus

Answer 39

Inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in bowlegs

(An abnormal joint movement away from the midline of the body)

i.e., bowlegged

Tip: The “R” in Varus = “Right In(ward)”

Question 40

capsular ligament

Answer 40

The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is a capsular ligament, so called because it is continuous with the joint capsule. It resists valgus stress at the knee by keeping the joint approximated.

Question 41

Valgus

Answer 41

Outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in knock-knees

Pneumonic: The “G” in Valgus–> “Get outward”

Question 42

Where in the brain does most information processing occur?

Answer 42

cerebral cortex

Question 43

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) responsible for?

Answer 43

Conveying motor commands, carrying sensory information to the CNS, and regulating involuntary functions

Question 44

Agonist

Answer 44

prime mover; the main muscle responsible for movement.

Ex: Biceps in a biceps curl

Question 45

Antagonist

Answer 45

muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover

Ex: triceps during a bicep curl

Question 46

Synergist

Answer 46

Muscle that plays a secondary role in movement

Ex: Brachialradialis during biceps curl

Question 47

What does insulin do?

Answer 47

Hormone that makes the liver convert glucose into glycogen so it can be used for energy. Insulin also signals the liver to store blood sugar for later use.

Question 48

Concentric contraction is acceleration or deceleration of movement?

Answer 48

Acceleration

Question 49

Eccentric contraction is acceleration or deceleration of movement?

Answer 49

Deceleration

Question 50

Eccentric contraction is acceleration or deceleration of movement?

Answer 50

Deceleration

Question 51

What is glycogen?

Answer 51

It is a stored formed of glucose/energy manufactured by the liver