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Microbiology > Ch.6 > Flashcards

Ch.6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A
  • Sum of chemical reactions in a cell
    2 parts:
  • catabolism
  • anabolism
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2
Q

Catabolism

Metabolism

A
  • Processes that degrade (break down) compounds to release energy
  • Cells capture to make ATP
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3
Q

Anabolism

Metabolism

A
  • Assemble subunits of macromolecules
  • build up energy storage
  • Use ATP to drive reactions
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4
Q

Energy

A
  • Energy is the capacity to do work
    Two types of energy:
  • Potential
  • Kinetic
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5
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A
  • Energy in universe cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another
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6
Q

Potential energy

Type of Energy

A

stored energy (chemical bonds, rock on hill, water behind dam)

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7
Q

Kinetic energy

Type of energy

A

energy of motion (moving water)

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8
Q

When do exergonic reactions occur? Please define your answer in terms of free energy, reactants and products

A
  • Free energy is energy available to do work
  • Energy released when chemical bond is broken
  • Exergonic reactions: reactants have more free energy than products
    – Energy is released in reaction
    – Reactants: A + B + free energy
    – Products: AB
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9
Q

What is the usable energy currency of the cell?

A
  • Adenosine triphospate (ATP): energy currency of cell
  • Composed of ribose, adenine, three phosphate groups
  • Cells use energy to produce ATP by adding Pi to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
  • Energy released by removing Pi from ATP to yield ADP
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10
Q

How do chemoorganotrophs obtain their energy in the 1st place?

A

obtain energy from organic compounds

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11
Q

Chemoorganotrophs (aka chemoheterotrophs) produce ATP energy in what 2 ways?

A
  1. Substrate-level phosphorylation: Energy generated in exergonic reactions
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation: Energy generated by proton motive force
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12
Q

What does the term “oxidation” mean in both biological beings and in chemistry?

A

Removing H+
Dehydrogentation

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13
Q

What does the term “reduction” mean in both biological beings and in chemistry?

A

gaining H+
Hydrogenation

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14
Q

What is the most common starting pathway for the breakdown of sugars (what is the first step of cellular respiration?)

A

glucose 6C is broken down into two pyruvate molecules, occurring in the cytoplasm
- Generates modest ATP, reducing power, precursors

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15
Q

Why do cells degrade sugars?

A

to generate ATP

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16
Q

Which molecule serves as the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

A

O2 is terminal electron acceptor

17
Q

Which molecule serves as the terminal electron acceptor in anerobic respiration?

A

A molecule OTHER THAN O2 as terminal electron acceptor such as nitrate, nitrite and sulfate

18
Q

Which process (aerobic, anaerobic, fermentation) produces the greatest amount of energy? Why?

A

Aerobic because total ATP = 38 ATP

19
Q

What does fermentation use as the terminal electron acceptor?

A

organic molecule (pyruvate or a derivative)

20
Q

How many ATP’s are produced in fermination?

A

Total ATP: 2

21
Q

Pyruvate is produced at the end of glycolysis. What are the two major routes in which pyruvate can be further metabolized?

A
  1. aerobic respiration= entering the citric acid cycle when oxygen is present
  2. anaerobic fermentation= converting to lactate in animals or ethanol in yeast when oxygen is absent
22
Q

Which suffix is used to denote an enzyme?

A
  • Name reflects function
  • ends in -ase
23
Q

How do enzymes speed up reactions?

A
  • Lowers activation energy of reaction
24
Q

What does the term “induced fit” refer to?

A
  • Active site on surface of enzyme binds substrate(s) weakly
  • Causes enzyme shape to change slightly, induced fit
  • Resulting enzyme-substrate complex destabilizes existing bond or allows new ones to form
25
Q

What is another term for Coenzyme?

A
  • A cofactor of minerals or inorganics like magnesium, zinc, copper
  • Coenzymes are organic cofactors that help some enzymes transfer certain molecules or electrons from one compound to another
26
Q

Which Environmental factors affect enzyme activity?

A
  • Temperature, pH, salt concentration
  • 10 degrees Celsius increase doubles speed of enzymatic reaction up to maximum
  • proteins denature at higher temperatures
  • Low salt, neutral pH usually optimal
27
Q

What is produced in the TCA cycle?

A
  • 2 CO2
  • 2 ATP
  • 6 NADH
  • 2 FADH2
  • Precursor metabolites
28
Q

What is the Proton Motive Force?

A

energy released promotes movement of protons across membrane

29
Q

Where does oxygenic photosynthesis obtain electrons and hydrogens from?

A

water molecules are split to provide a source of electrons for the electron transport chain

30
Q

Where does anoxygenic photosynthesis obtain electrons and hydrogens from?

A

inorganic compunds like hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and reduced iron

Microbiology (9 decks)

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