Ch.21

Question 1

Which virulence factors are used by S. pyogenes?

Answer 1

Protein F.
M Protein.
a capsule.
Protein G.

Question 2

What does the Lancefield grouping do?

Answer 2

Demonstrated that streptococci can be classified based on cell wall carbohydrates

Question 3

How does otitis media develop?

Answer 3

upward through the eustachian tube

Question 4

What is the difference between bacterial vs viral conjunctivitis?

Answer 4

Bacterial conjunctivitis: swollen eyelids, pus
Viral conjunctivitis: puss and swelling are minimal

Question 5

Why is a vaccine for the common cold not possible?

Answer 5

No vaccine due to large number of causative viruses
- there are more than 100 types of rhinovirus.

Question 6

What treatments are used for the common cold?

Answer 6

• NO proven treatments
• Viruses not affected by antibiotics, antibacterial medications
• Analgesics, antipyretics can reduce symptoms, but may prolong symptoms and duration

Question 7

What diseases of the lower respiratory tract where covered in lecture?

Answer 7

1. rhinoviruses (common cold)
2. Pneumonia: caused by bacterial infection of lunds
   - Pneumococcal pneumonia
   - Klebsiella pneumonia
   - Mycoplasma pneumonia
3. Pertussis (whooping cough)
4. Tuberculosis
5. Legionnaires’ Diesease
6. Inhalation anthrax
7. Influenza (flu)
8. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections
9. Hantvirus Pulmonary Syndrome

Question 8

What is the difference between S. pneumoniae that causes disease and S. pneumonia that does NOT cause disease?

Answer 8

S. pneumoniae causes disease due to the presence of a thick, protective capsule around the bacteria
- S. pneumonia has a less developed capsule do not cuase diesease

Question 9

What is the definition of Pneumonia diseases?

Answer 9

inflammation/infection of lungs causes alveoli to fill with fluid

Question 10

What is Antigenic Shift?

Answer 10

• uncommon
• concurrent infection allows mixture of 8 RNA segments
• causes pandemic influenza

Question 11

What are the two spikes projecting from the influenza virus and what do each of these spikes do?

Answer 11

Glycoprotein spikes embedded in envelope:
1. hemagglutinin antigen (HA): attaches to receptors on ciliated host epithelial cells
2. neuraminidase antigen (NA): critical in release and destroys surface receptors that bind budding virions

Question 12

List ALL of the Coronavirus diseases discussed in lecture

Answer 12

1. COVID-19
2. SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome)
3. MERS ( Middle East respiratory syndrome)