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Patho > Ch5: Hyperplasias and Neoplasms > Flashcards

Ch5: Hyperplasias and Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

fertilized ovum

A

all the cells of the body derived from one cell

through embryonic development, starting with stem cells, successive cell division continues to more and more specialized (differentiated) cells. main function is to divide and produce daughter cells- they pass thru several intermediate stages of differentiation until mature.

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2
Q

differentiation

A

maturation from a nonspecific cell type to a specialized cell

*the more differentiated a cell type becomes, the more its capacity to proliferate decreases

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3
Q

pluripotent

A

can differentiate into many different types of adult cells

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4
Q

labile cells

A

skin, GI tract, bone
continuously dividing and can regenerate
thus most abnormal growths occur in tissues

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5
Q

hyperplasia

A

undergo excessive growth

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6
Q

neoplasia

A

new growth

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7
Q

stable cells

A

liver, kidney

normally divide only in response to injury

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8
Q

permanent cells

A

cardiac muscle, neurons

do not normally undergo division once they mature

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9
Q

germ cells

A

normally confined to gonads

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10
Q

somatic cells

A

4 major categories:

1: epithelial cells
2: CT cells
3: muscle cells
4: nervous tissue cells

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11
Q

epithelial cells

A

form the skin, lining of spaces, and various glands.

*usually labile cells-continuously replacing

Surface lining cells:

1: stratified squamous
2: transitional
3: columnar

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12
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

forms a tough protective barrier

Keratinized: comprises the outer layer of skin
Nonkeratinized: lines the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus and anus

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13
Q

transitional epithelium

A

also multilayered but lacks surface layer of keratin and intercellular bridges.
confined to urinary tract, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder and urethra

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14
Q

columnar epithelium

A

usually composed of 1 layer of tall cells-often mucus secreting
forms mucous membranes lining the nose, trachea, bronchi, stomach, small intestine, colon and many ducts leading from glands

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15
Q

CT cells

A

*labile cells
mostly derived from mesoderm
recognized by lack of closeness with other cells and by the substances they produce
*can be stimulated to divide more rapidly-stable cells

1: fibroblasts: collagen
2: chondrocytes: cartilage
3: osteocytes: bone
4: endothelial cells: blood vessels

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16
Q

muscle cells

A 
derived from mesoderm
close approximation together
elongated fiber like structure 
abundant contractile cytoplasm
heart muscles can't be replaced, skeletal have very little capacity but smooth muscle cells, esp small blood vessels can reproduce
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17
Q

nervous tissue cells

A

derived from ectoderm
includes neurons and supporting cells
neurons- long processes (axons) carry electrical impulses
neurons limited capacity for replacement but supporting cells can

18
Q

glial cells

A

supporting nervous tissue cells in the brain and spinal cord

19
Q

schwann cells

A

supporting nervous tissue cells in peripheral nerves

20
Q

hyperplasia and hypertrophy

A

exaggerated responses to a growth stimulus
increase in volume in the tissue
increased cell proliferating resulting in increased tissue mass

labile cells respond by increasing in number (hyperplasia)
stable cells increase in size (hypertrophy)

21
Q

physiologic hypertrophy

A

occurs in response to physiologic demands

pregnancy, growing muscle, puberty

22
Q

pathologic hypertrophy

A

increase in size of tissue bc of abnormal condition

thyroid, HTN

23
Q

neoplasia

A

new growth
proliferation of cells that are independent of normal growth control mechanisms

autonomous growth- cells grow in the absence of a growth promoting stimulus

24
Q

metaplasia

A

replacement of one tissue type by another

most commonly change from columnar epithelium to stratified squamous

25
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size cells, organs or tissues

26
Q

benign

A

neoplasm that will not likely kill the organism that harbors it
localized, discrete masses of cells that remain confined to their site of margin

polyps
other-compress tissues-form fibrous rim/capsule, easily separated, closely resemble cell of origin

27
Q

polyp

A

abnormal protrusion from a mucosal surface

benign neoplasm

28
Q

malignant

A

neoplasm that has potential to spread widely and cause death of the organism

malignant morphologic features: firmness, necrosis, ulceration and hemorrhage

29
Q

premalignant lesion

A

increased likelihood of cancer compared to adjacent cells

30
Q

criteria of malignancy

A

1: cellular atypia
2: dysplasia

31
Q

cellular atypia

A

degree to which the cells resemble one another and the presence of invasion or growth into adjacent tissues

32
Q

dysplasia

A

growth may be atypical in appearance but still localized to its tissue of origin
high grade dysplasia are considered to be IN SITU lesions or cancers that are still in place

33
Q

cancer

A

malignant neoplasm

34
Q

invasion

A

direct extension of neoplastic cells into surrounding tissue w/out regard to tissue boundaries
malignant cells bust be able to elaborate enzymes that destroy the basement membrane underlying CT. once they do, they can infiltrate the tissue
secondary effects of invasion bring the tissue to attention

35
Q

metastasis

A

transplantation of cells to a new site
-occurs when malignancy cells gain entry into the blood or lymphatic stream, are caried to a distant site and grow in this new extopic location.

36
Q

-oma

A

refers to a tumor

neoplastic growth

37
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue

38
Q

sarcoma

A

malignancy of mesenchymal tissue

39
Q

curative therapy

A

attempt to remove all the cancer

surgery, radiation or drugs

40
Q

palliative therapy

A

attempt to control the effect of cancer
decrease pain when no cure
may also be surgery, radiation or drugs

Patho (11 decks)

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