Ch5: Hyperplasias and Neoplasms

Question 1

fertilized ovum

Answer 1

all the cells of the body derived from one cell

through embryonic development, starting with stem cells, successive cell division continues to more and more specialized (differentiated) cells. main function is to divide and produce daughter cells- they pass thru several intermediate stages of differentiation until mature.

Question 2

differentiation

Answer 2

maturation from a nonspecific cell type to a specialized cell

*the more differentiated a cell type becomes, the more its capacity to proliferate decreases

Question 3

pluripotent

Answer 3

can differentiate into many different types of adult cells

Question 4

labile cells

Answer 4

skin, GI tract, bone
continuously dividing and can regenerate
thus most abnormal growths occur in tissues

Question 5

hyperplasia

Answer 5

undergo excessive growth

Question 6

neoplasia

Answer 6

new growth

Question 7

stable cells

Answer 7

liver, kidney

normally divide only in response to injury

Question 8

permanent cells

Answer 8

cardiac muscle, neurons

do not normally undergo division once they mature

Question 9

germ cells

Answer 9

normally confined to gonads

Question 10

somatic cells

Answer 10

4 major categories:

1: epithelial cells
2: CT cells
3: muscle cells
4: nervous tissue cells

Question 11

epithelial cells

Answer 11

form the skin, lining of spaces, and various glands.

*usually labile cells-continuously replacing

Surface lining cells:

1: stratified squamous
2: transitional
3: columnar

Question 12

stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 12

forms a tough protective barrier

Keratinized: comprises the outer layer of skin
Nonkeratinized: lines the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus and anus

Question 13

transitional epithelium

Answer 13

also multilayered but lacks surface layer of keratin and intercellular bridges.
confined to urinary tract, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder and urethra

Question 14

columnar epithelium

Answer 14

usually composed of 1 layer of tall cells-often mucus secreting
forms mucous membranes lining the nose, trachea, bronchi, stomach, small intestine, colon and many ducts leading from glands

Question 15

CT cells

Answer 15

*labile cells
mostly derived from mesoderm
recognized by lack of closeness with other cells and by the substances they produce
*can be stimulated to divide more rapidly-stable cells

1: fibroblasts: collagen
2: chondrocytes: cartilage
3: osteocytes: bone
4: endothelial cells: blood vessels

Question 16

muscle cells

Answer 16

derived from mesoderm
close approximation together
elongated fiber like structure 
abundant contractile cytoplasm
heart muscles can't be replaced, skeletal have very little capacity but smooth muscle cells, esp small blood vessels can reproduce

Question 17

nervous tissue cells

Answer 17

derived from ectoderm
includes neurons and supporting cells
neurons- long processes (axons) carry electrical impulses
neurons limited capacity for replacement but supporting cells can

Question 18

glial cells

Answer 18

supporting nervous tissue cells in the brain and spinal cord

Question 19

schwann cells

Answer 19

supporting nervous tissue cells in peripheral nerves

Question 20

hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Answer 20

exaggerated responses to a growth stimulus
increase in volume in the tissue
increased cell proliferating resulting in increased tissue mass

labile cells respond by increasing in number (hyperplasia)
stable cells increase in size (hypertrophy)

Question 21

physiologic hypertrophy

Answer 21

occurs in response to physiologic demands

pregnancy, growing muscle, puberty

Question 22

pathologic hypertrophy

Answer 22

increase in size of tissue bc of abnormal condition

thyroid, HTN

Question 23

neoplasia

Answer 23

new growth
proliferation of cells that are independent of normal growth control mechanisms

autonomous growth- cells grow in the absence of a growth promoting stimulus

Question 24

metaplasia

Answer 24

replacement of one tissue type by another

most commonly change from columnar epithelium to stratified squamous

Question 25

atrophy

Answer 25

decrease in size cells, organs or tissues

Question 26

benign

Answer 26

neoplasm that will not likely kill the organism that harbors it localized, discrete masses of cells that remain confined to their site of margin polyps other-compress tissues-form fibrous rim/capsule, easily separated, closely resemble cell of origin

Question 27

polyp

Answer 27

abnormal protrusion from a mucosal surface | benign neoplasm

Question 28

malignant

Answer 28

neoplasm that has potential to spread widely and cause death of the organism malignant morphologic features: firmness, necrosis, ulceration and hemorrhage

Question 29

premalignant lesion

Answer 29

increased likelihood of cancer compared to adjacent cells

Question 30

criteria of malignancy

Answer 30

1: cellular atypia 2: dysplasia

Question 31

cellular atypia

Answer 31

degree to which the cells resemble one another and the presence of invasion or growth into adjacent tissues

Question 32

dysplasia

Answer 32

growth may be atypical in appearance but still localized to its tissue of origin high grade dysplasia are considered to be IN SITU lesions or cancers that are still in place

Question 33

cancer

Answer 33

malignant neoplasm

Question 34

invasion

Answer 34

direct extension of neoplastic cells into surrounding tissue w/out regard to tissue boundaries malignant cells bust be able to elaborate enzymes that destroy the basement membrane underlying CT. once they do, they can infiltrate the tissue secondary effects of invasion bring the tissue to attention

Question 35

metastasis

Answer 35

transplantation of cells to a new site -occurs when malignancy cells gain entry into the blood or lymphatic stream, are caried to a distant site and grow in this new extopic location.

Question 36

-oma

Answer 36

refers to a tumor | neoplastic growth

Question 37

carcinoma

Answer 37

malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue

Question 38

sarcoma

Answer 38

malignancy of mesenchymal tissue

Question 39

curative therapy

Answer 39

attempt to remove all the cancer | surgery, radiation or drugs

Question 40

palliative therapy

Answer 40

attempt to control the effect of cancer decrease pain when no cure may also be surgery, radiation or drugs