Ch1: Intro to Patho Flashcards
Disease
structural or functional change in the body that is harmful to the organism
orccurs when cellular environment changes to such a degree that tissues are no longer able to perform their function optimally.
Pathology
the study of disease
Pathogenesis
the sequence of events that leads from structural and functional abnormalities to clinical manifestations
Pathophysiology
study of pathogenesis
Etiology
study or causes of the disease
Manifestations
all the data gathered about a disease as it occurs in a patient.
Symptoms
Signs
Lab findings
Symptoms
evidence of disase perceived by the patient
Signs
physical observations
Laboratory findings
observations made by the applications of tests or special procedures
Diagnosis
process of assimilating the information from the history, examination and lab findings to identify the condition causing the disease
Syndromes
Clusters of findings commonly encountered with more than one disease
Structural diseases
“organic diseases”
characterized by structural changes (lesions) w/in the body
- Genetic diseases
- Developmental diseases
- Degenerative & inflammatory diseases
- Hyperplastic & Neoplastic diseases
Genetic disases
structural disease
caused by abnormalities in the genetic makeup of the individual, either at the level of chromosomes or at the genetic level
Developmental diseases
(structural diseases)
developed during an individual’s life in utero (embryonic and fetal development)
Degenerative & Inflammatory diseases
(structural diseases)
caused by forces or agents that destroy cells or intercellular substances in cells & tissues. Or cause the body to injure itself through inflammatory process
- External agents: physical & chemical substances/microbes
- Internal mechanisms: vascular insufficiency, immunologic reactions, metabolic disturbances
- Necrosis: cells are killed
- Sublethal cell injury: cells are able to recover
2 reactions to injury:
- inflammation
- repair
Reactions to injury
- Inflammation: vascular/cellular reaction tries to localize injury, destroy offending agents and remove damage
- Repair: replacement of damaged tissue by new tissue of same type and/or fibrous CT
Hyperplastic & Neoplastic Diseases
(structural)
includes those which the basic abnormality is an increase in cell populations
- Hyperplasia: proliferative reaction to a prolonged stimulus and usually regresses once stimulus is removed
- Neoplasia: results from genetic changes that favor the growth of a single population of cells.
Benign vs. Malignant
based on whether the cells remain localized or develop the ability to grow into surrounding tissue or even migrate or metastasize (cancer)
Functional Diseases
no visible lesions, at least at onset of disease
basic change is physiologic or functional
tension headaches, functional bowel syndrome, diabetes, hypertension
mental illness?
Causes of disease
initiated by injury (internal or external)
- Exogenous: agents acting from without
- Endogenous: agents acting from within
- Idiopathic: diseases of unkown cause
Exogenous
=agents acting from without
- physical injury: trauma (heat, cold, electricity, radiation)
- Chemical injury: poison and drug reactions
- Microbiologic injuries: characterized by the type of offending organism (bacteria, fungi, virus)=infection
Endogenous
=agents acting from within
- Vascular diseases: obstruction of BF, altered BF, hemorrage
- Immunologic diseases: caused by aberrations of immune system (immunodefiency, over-reaction, autoimmune)
- Metabolic diseases: wide variety of biochemical disorders that can be genetically determined
Care of patients
history
physical exam
lab tests when needed
