Ch1: Intro to Patho

Question 1

Disease

Answer 1

structural or functional change in the body that is harmful to the organism

orccurs when cellular environment changes to such a degree that tissues are no longer able to perform their function optimally.

Question 2

Pathology

Answer 2

the study of disease

Question 3

Pathogenesis

Answer 3

the sequence of events that leads from structural and functional abnormalities to clinical manifestations

Question 4

Pathophysiology

Answer 4

study of pathogenesis

Question 5

Etiology

Answer 5

study or causes of the disease

Question 6

Manifestations

Answer 6

all the data gathered about a disease as it occurs in a patient.

Symptoms

Signs

Lab findings

Question 7

Symptoms

Answer 7

evidence of disase perceived by the patient

Question 8

Signs

Answer 8

physical observations

Question 9

Laboratory findings

Answer 9

observations made by the applications of tests or special procedures

Question 10

Diagnosis

Answer 10

process of assimilating the information from the history, examination and lab findings to identify the condition causing the disease

Question 11

Syndromes

Answer 11

Clusters of findings commonly encountered with more than one disease

Question 12

Structural diseases

Answer 12

“organic diseases”

characterized by structural changes (lesions) w/in the body

1. Genetic diseases
2. Developmental diseases
3. Degenerative & inflammatory diseases
4. Hyperplastic & Neoplastic diseases

Question 13

Genetic disases

Answer 13

structural disease

caused by abnormalities in the genetic makeup of the individual, either at the level of chromosomes or at the genetic level

Question 14

Developmental diseases

Answer 14

(structural diseases)

developed during an individual’s life in utero (embryonic and fetal development)

Question 15

Degenerative & Inflammatory diseases

Answer 15

(structural diseases)

caused by forces or agents that destroy cells or intercellular substances in cells & tissues. Or cause the body to injure itself through inflammatory process

• External agents: physical & chemical substances/microbes
• Internal mechanisms: vascular insufficiency, immunologic reactions, metabolic disturbances
• Necrosis: cells are killed
• Sublethal cell injury: cells are able to recover

2 reactions to injury:

1. inflammation
2. repair

Question 16

Reactions to injury

Answer 16

1. Inflammation: vascular/cellular reaction tries to localize injury, destroy offending agents and remove damage
2. Repair: replacement of damaged tissue by new tissue of same type and/or fibrous CT

Question 17

Hyperplastic & Neoplastic Diseases

Answer 17

(structural)

includes those which the basic abnormality is an increase in cell populations

• Hyperplasia: proliferative reaction to a prolonged stimulus and usually regresses once stimulus is removed
• Neoplasia: results from genetic changes that favor the growth of a single population of cells.

Question 18

Benign vs. Malignant

Answer 18

based on whether the cells remain localized or develop the ability to grow into surrounding tissue or even migrate or metastasize (cancer)

Question 19

Functional Diseases

Answer 19

no visible lesions, at least at onset of disease

basic change is physiologic or functional

tension headaches, functional bowel syndrome, diabetes, hypertension

mental illness?

Question 20

Causes of disease

Answer 20

initiated by injury (internal or external)

• Exogenous: agents acting from without
• Endogenous: agents acting from within
• Idiopathic: diseases of unkown cause

Question 21

Exogenous

Answer 21

=agents acting from without

• physical injury: trauma (heat, cold, electricity, radiation)
• Chemical injury: poison and drug reactions
• Microbiologic injuries: characterized by the type of offending organism (bacteria, fungi, virus)=infection

Question 22

Endogenous

Answer 22

=agents acting from within

• Vascular diseases: obstruction of BF, altered BF, hemorrage
• Immunologic diseases: caused by aberrations of immune system (immunodefiency, over-reaction, autoimmune)
• Metabolic diseases: wide variety of biochemical disorders that can be genetically determined

Question 23

Care of patients

Answer 23

history

physical exam

lab tests when needed