Ch 16: Kidney, Lower Urinary Tract, and Male Peens

Question 1

Trace the pee out

Answer 1

kidney –> ureter –> bladder –> urethra –> potty

Question 2

Trace the sperm out

Answer 2

Testes –> epididymus –> vas deferens –> prostate (seminal vesicles) –> urethra

Question 3

Cortex

Answer 3

contains nephrons = glomeruli, tubules, and associated vesels

Question 4

Medulla

Answer 4

contains specialized distal parts of tubules (loops of Henle) and collecting tubules

Question 5

Kidney Functions

Answer 5

control BP, excrete waste products of metabolism, maintain acid-base balance

Question 6

The kidneys receive ___% of the cardiac output each minute.

Answer 6

20%

Question 7

Podocytes

Answer 7

• layer of epithelial cells covering glomerulus capillaries

- foot processes of podocytes cover basement membrane, leaving small slits for filtration

Question 8

Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 8

released by posterior pituitary gland in response to reduced plasma volume or increased plasma oncotic pressure
-increase permeability of collecting ducts so more water is resorbed back into bloodstream (increases blood volume and pressure and makes blood more dilute)

Question 9

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 9

collection of cells in the walls of the arterioles supplying the glomerulus
-stimulated by SNS or perceived decrease in rate of filtration to produce renin

Question 10

Renin

Answer 10

• sets in motion 2 hormonal pathways that increase blood volume/pressure
• angiotensin (vasoconstrictor) and aldosterone (increases resorption of sodium and water by renal tubules)

Question 11

UTI

Answer 11

-second most common infection after upper respiratory tract

Question 12

Pyelonephritis

Answer 12

kidney infection

-can result in permanent scarring, loss of function, sepsis, death

Question 13

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

Answer 13

• obstruction in outflow of urine from bladder

- increased urgency, incontinence, nocturia

Question 14

Lithotripsy

Answer 14

kidney stones shattered by externally applied, high-intensity shock waves

Question 15

End-stage renal disease

Answer 15

• irreversible loss of kidney function
• most caused by DM and HTN
• transplant or hemodialysis

Question 16

Casts

Answer 16

• tightly packed collections of proteins, lipids, or cellular debris
• acellular casts signify dehydration or chronic renal failure
• RBC casts indicate glomerular injury
• WBC casts indicate infection
• epithelial cell casts – severe renal tubular injury

Question 17

Renal function is evaluated by measuring levels of _____ and _____.

Answer 17

• urea nitrogen – breakdown of nitrogenous compounds

- Creatinine – breakdown of muscle

Question 18

Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 18

• damage to glomerular filtering apparatus
• protein lost through kidneys (primarily albumin) lost through kidneys, resulting in decreased oncotic pressure in blood
• can result in hyperlipidemia and increased lipid in urine