Ch.4.3 Flashcards by LUI SUM YUET

Living things produce _______________ to ensure the _______________ of species.

Offspring

Continuity

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Humans reproduce by _______________ _________________. This involves the _______________ of a ____________ _________ ___________ called _______________ and a _____________ _________ ___________ called _______________ (plural: _______________) or _______________.

Sexual reproduction
Fusion
Male sex cell, sperm, female ex cell, ovum (ova), egg

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The sperm has a _______[a]________ and a ______[b]_______.
There is a ______[c]________ inside the [a].
The [c] carries the _______________ _______________ of the male parent.
The [b] _______________ to allow the sperm to ___________.

Head, tail
Nucleus, genetic materials
Beats, swim

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The sperm looks like a _______________ and is _______________ long.

Tadpole, 0.05mm

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The ovum is surrounded by a ____________ ___________ that _______________once the head of a sperm enters to ________________________________________________________________. The ___________ of the ovum carries the ______________ _______________ of the female parent. The ________________ contains ___________ _______________.

Jelly coat
Hardens
Prevent more sperms from entering
Nucleus, genetic materials 
Cytoplasm, food substances

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Unlike the sperm, the ovum ___________ ___________ ______ ___________. It has a ______________ shape and is ___________ as large as the sperm (___________mm). ___________ ___________ ___________ kill and remove ___________ ___________.

Cannot move by itself
Spherical
Twice
0.1
White blood cells
Excess sperms

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During the formation of sperms and ova, each pair of autosomes and the pair of sex chromosomes ______________. As a result, each _________ _________ has ____ chromosomes.

Separate

Sex cell, 23

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In females, each ovum contain _____ autosomes and one ____ chromosome.
In males, all sperms contain _____ autosomes and half in number contain a ____ chromosome and half in number contain a ____ chromosome.

22, X

22, X, Y

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The reproductive system is largely ______________ before ______________. It is the only system that is different between ______________ and ______________ bodies.

Inactive, puberty

Male and female

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Name the six organs in the male reproductive system.

Penis, urethra, sperm duct, testes, scrotum, sex glands

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The testes (singular: _____________) produces ______________ and _______ ______________. It is outside of the body as _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Testis
Sperms, sex hormones
The temperature inside the body is too hot for sperms to live

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The scrotum is ________________________________________________________.

A bag of skin which holds the testes

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The sperm ducts __________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Carry sperms front the testes to the urethra

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The urethra __________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Carries semen and urine out of the body

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Sex glands ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(aka _____________).

Produce a fluid which contains nutrients for the sperms (aka semen)

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The penis __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Ejects semen to the female reproductive system during sexual intercourse.

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Name the six organs in the female reproductive system.

Ovaries
Oviduct
Vagina
Cervix
Vulva
Uterus

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The ovaries ________________________________________________________.

Produce ova and sex hormones

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How many ovums are released into the oviduct each month?

One

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The process of an ______________ being released into the ______________ each month is called ______________. The ovaries ______________ ______________ to produce ______________.

Ovum, oviduct, ovulation

Take turns, ova

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The oviduct ____________________________________________________________________________________.

Carries the ovum from the ovary to the uterus

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The uterus is ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

The place where a foetus grows and develops before its birth

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The vagina ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ____________________________________________________________________________________.

Receives the penis during sexual intercourse

A baby passes through here before its birth

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The cervix is ____________________________;________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Above the vagina

It is closed before puberty to prevent germs from forming

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The vulva is the __________________________________________.

Opening to the vagina

A new life begins when __________________________________________________________________________________________________.

A sperm fuses with an ovum

During ______________ ______________, the husband insert his ______________ ______________ into the ______________ of his wife.

Sexual intercourse Erect penis Vagina

______________ containing millions of _______[a]_______ is ______________ into the ______________. The [a] swim up through the ______________ into the ____________.

Semen, sperms, ejected, vagina | Uterus, oviducts

After sexual intercourse, if an ovum is present in the ______[a]_______ after ovulation, one of the _____________ may fuse with the ovum to form a _______________ (also called a _________________ ____________) (______________ cell). Only the ______________ of the [a] enters the ovum while its ______________ remains outside ^this process is called ______[b]________ If there is no ovum in either of the [a] ___________________________________________________ and _____________________________________________________________________.

``` Oviduct, sperms Zygote, fertilised ovum, single Head, tail Fertilisation there is certainly no fertilisation All the sperms will die in two to three days ```

We can use ‘__’ to denote ___________________________ as the sperm and ovum each carries _______ chromsomes. When the sperm and the ovum fuse together during fertilisation, the zygote formed has _________ chromosomes. that is, ____.

``` N One set of chromosomes 23 46 2N ```

Why is the number of chromosomes halved during the formation of sex cells?

So that the number of chromosomes is kept constant at 2N from generation to generation.

Process of implantation (_________________,__________): 1. After fertilisation, ___________________________ 2. The zygote ____________ _________ ____________ to _________ ______ _________ ______ ____________ called an _______[a]________. The [a] is moved through the _____________ to the _____________. 3. It then ______________________________________(aka ________________)

Drilling deeply, embed A zygote is formed Divides many times, form a ball of cells, embryo Oviduct, uterus Implants into the uterine lining (menstruation)

After implantation, the woman is ___________________.

Pregnant

The process in which the embryo attaches firmly to the uterine lining is called _______________.

Implantation

After implantation, the ______________ begins to develop in the _____________ of its mother. It develops inside a bag called _____________.

Embryo, uterus | Amnion

The amnion is ____________________________________________________ which ___________________________________ to ________________________________________________________.

Filled with a watery liquid Acts as a cushion Protect the embryo against shock

At the site where the embryo is implanted in the _____________ _____________ , a _____________ begins to form. It is attached to the embryo by an ______________ ___________.

Uterine lining, placenta | Umbilical cord

As the embryo grows, it needs to get _____________ and _____________ from its mother, and _______ ______ ______ _____________ _____________ and _____________ _____________.

Oxygen, nutrients, get rid of carbon dioxide, other wastes

The _____________ allows an _____________ ________ _______________ between the embryo’s blood and the mother’s blood.

Placenta | Exchange of materials

The embryo’s blood and the mother’s blood do not mix together as: - (blood vessels) - (compatible blood types)

- the mother’s heart pumps such a strong current of blood, if it is given to the baby, the baby’s blood vessels will break - if the baby’s blood is not compatible with the mother’s blood and their blood gets mixed together, the mother will die

The _____________ develops into a _____________ about _____________ weeks after fertilisation. The _____________ has all his/ her _____________ _____________ formed by then.

Embryo, foetus, eight, foetus, major organs

The _____________ is ready to be born after about ______ __________ after _________________.

Foetus, 38 weeks, fertilisation

Please describe the state of the embryo at one week old.

-an embryo is about to implant into the uterine lining

Please describe the state of the embryo at 5 weeks old.

- heart beats | - backbone formed

Please describe the state of the foetus at eight weeks old.

- all major organs formed | - arms and legs begin to form

Please describe the state of the foetus at twelve weeks old.

- head, neck, arms and legs continue to develop and are more clearly seen - last period of time when legal abortion by choice can be carried out

Please describe the state of the foetus at twenty weeks.

- arms and legs grow well | - may begin to suck thumb

Please describe the state of the foetus at 38 weeks.

-ready to be born (already safe though some prefer 40 weeks)

Through the _________________, an embryo gets _________________ and _________________ from its mother, and gets rid of ______________ ______________ and other wastes.

Placenta, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide

Process of the birth of a baby 1. Muscles of the _______________ ____________ ______________, causing pain in the _________________ 2. The _________________ breaks 3. _________________________________ to __________________ the _________________ 4. The ______________ of the _____________ becomes ________________ 5. The baby is pushed out with the ___________________________________________________ 6. The baby cries for the first time and takes its first breath 7. The _________________ _________________ is clamped and cut 8. The _________________ is _________________ after the baby is born

``` Uterus contract strongly, abdomen Amnion Watery liquid flows out, lubricate, vagina Opening, uterus, wider Head coming out first Umbilical cord Placenta, expelled ```

Normally, every person is born with a complete set of reproductive organs that become _________________ for _________________ at _________________.

Mature, reproduction, puberty

Puberty usually starts at the age of _____ or ______ and ends around _______. It usually occurs earlier in ___________ than in __________.

10, 11 18 Girls, boy

When teenagers enter puberty, their bodies produce more ___________ _________________, which cause various body changes, including: - -

Sex hormones Secondary sexual characteristics begin to show Signs fo sexual maturity appear

Secondary sexual characteristics are _________________ _________________ we see in _________________ males and females.

External features | Adult

``` Name the four secondary characteristics of males: - - - - ```

Beards grow Larynx enlarges and voice becomes deeper Hair grows in pubic areas and armpits Shoulders become wider and the body becomes more muscular

Name the 3 secondary sexual characteristics in females: - - -

Breasts develop Hips become wider Hair grows in pubic area and armpits

Signs of sexual maturity show that the bodies of boys and girls have reached _________________ _________________ and are able to _________________.

Sexual maturity | Reproduce

In males, boys may start to experience ___________ _________________ (sign of sexual maturity) (aka _________________ _________________)

Wet dreams | Nocturnal emission

The _________________ of boys may start to produce _________________ and ________[a]_________ during puberty, and the [a] may _______________ _____________ from the _________________ during sleep.

Testes, sperms, semen, flow out, penis

Do all boy have wet dreams?

What can you do to stop wet dreams from coming too often? - sleeping ______ _________ _____________ - _________________ wearing ____________ clothing - not _________________ or _________________ too much before going to bed

On one’s side Avoiding, tight Eating, drinking

Girls start to have their ________[a]_________ (sign of sexual maturity) as their _________ will start to develop in their ______________ during puberty. Their _______[a]_______ occurs about _____________ _____________. During [a], ___________________________________________________.

Menstruation, ova, ovaries Menstruation, every month Some blood will pass out through the vagina

It is quite _________________ for a girl to have _________________ menstruation at first. Later on, ___________________________________________________.

Common, irregular, the cycle will become more regular

Girls can ____________ during menstruation, but some may feel _________________ when they _______[a]________ during menstruation. They should take ________________________________________________________.

Exercise, tired | Enough rest after exercise

The process of menstruation lasts for ______ days and is divided into four parts: days 1-__ [1], days __-__ [2], day __ [3] and days __-__ [4].

28 | 1-5, 6-10, 14, 15-28

The first period of time of the menstrual cycle is called _________________. In this period of time, the _________________ ________________ __________________ _________________. The tissues of the _________________ _________________, _________________ and the _________________ ____________ pass out through the _________________.

Menstruation Uterine lining breaks down Uterine lining, blood, unfertilised ovum, vagina

The second period of time is when the _________________ _________________ _________________. To _________________ for the _________________ of the _________________, the _________________ _________________ _________________ with _________________ _________________ _________________.

Uterine lining thickens | Prepare, implantation, embryo, uterine lining thickens, increased blood supply

The third period of time is called _________________ . It is when a ____________ ___________ is _________________ from an _________________ into the _________________. The _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________.

Ovulation Mature ovum, released, ovary, oviduct Uterine lining further thickens

The fourth period of time is when the _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________. The _________________ _________________ _________________ _____________ _________________ here, and it is _________________for the _________________ to _________________ if _________________ takes place.

Uterine lining remains thickened Uterine lining becomes very thick Ready, embryo, implant, fertilisation

Menstruation is also known as ‘_________________’. The _________________ and _________________ ______________ of the _________________ _________________ occurs _________________. This periodic change is called the _________________ _________________. The length of this period may _________________ from person to person.

Period ,thickening, breaking down,uterine lining, periodically, menstrual cycle, vary