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Science S1 > Ch.4.3 > Flashcards

Ch.4.3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Living things produce _______________ to ensure the _______________ of species.

A

Offspring

Continuity

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2
Q

Humans reproduce by _______________ _________________. This involves the _______________ of a ____________ _________ ___________ called _______________ and a _____________ _________ ___________ called _______________ (plural: _______________) or _______________.

A

Sexual reproduction
Fusion
Male sex cell, sperm, female ex cell, ovum (ova), egg

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3
Q

The sperm has a _______[a]________ and a ______[b]_______.
There is a ______[c]________ inside the [a].
The [c] carries the _______________ _______________ of the male parent.
The [b] _______________ to allow the sperm to ___________.

A

Head, tail
Nucleus, genetic materials
Beats, swim

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4
Q

The sperm looks like a _______________ and is _______________ long.

A

Tadpole, 0.05mm

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5
Q

The ovum is surrounded by a ____________ ___________ that _______________once the head of a sperm enters to ________________________________________________________________. The ___________ of the ovum carries the ______________ _______________ of the female parent. The ________________ contains ___________ _______________.

A 
Jelly coat
Hardens
Prevent more sperms from entering
Nucleus, genetic materials 
Cytoplasm, food substances
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6
Q

Unlike the sperm, the ovum ___________ ___________ ______ ___________. It has a ______________ shape and is ___________ as large as the sperm (___________mm). ___________ ___________ ___________ kill and remove ___________ ___________.

A 
Cannot move by itself
Spherical
Twice
0.1
White blood cells
Excess sperms
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7
Q

During the formation of sperms and ova, each pair of autosomes and the pair of sex chromosomes ______________. As a result, each _________ _________ has ____ chromosomes.

A

Separate

Sex cell, 23

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8
Q

In females, each ovum contain _____ autosomes and one ____ chromosome.
In males, all sperms contain _____ autosomes and half in number contain a ____ chromosome and half in number contain a ____ chromosome.

A

22, X

22, X, Y

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9
Q

The reproductive system is largely ______________ before ______________. It is the only system that is different between ______________ and ______________ bodies.

A

Inactive, puberty

Male and female

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10
Q

Name the six organs in the male reproductive system.

A

Penis, urethra, sperm duct, testes, scrotum, sex glands

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11
Q

The testes (singular: _____________) produces ______________ and _______ ______________. It is outside of the body as _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

A

Testis
Sperms, sex hormones
The temperature inside the body is too hot for sperms to live

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12
Q

The scrotum is ________________________________________________________.

A

A bag of skin which holds the testes

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13
Q

The sperm ducts __________________________________________________________________________________________________.

A

Carry sperms front the testes to the urethra

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14
Q

The urethra __________________________________________________________________________________________________.

A

Carries semen and urine out of the body

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15
Q

Sex glands ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(aka _____________).

A

Produce a fluid which contains nutrients for the sperms (aka semen)

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16
Q

The penis __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

A

Ejects semen to the female reproductive system during sexual intercourse.

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17
Q

Name the six organs in the female reproductive system.

A 
Ovaries
Oviduct
Vagina
Cervix
Vulva
Uterus
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18
Q

The ovaries ________________________________________________________.

A

Produce ova and sex hormones

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19
Q

How many ovums are released into the oviduct each month?

A

One

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20
Q

The process of an ______________ being released into the ______________ each month is called ______________. The ovaries ______________ ______________ to produce ______________.

A

Ovum, oviduct, ovulation

Take turns, ova

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21
Q

The oviduct ____________________________________________________________________________________.

A

Carries the ovum from the ovary to the uterus

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22
Q

The uterus is ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

A

The place where a foetus grows and develops before its birth

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23
Q

The vagina ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ____________________________________________________________________________________.

A

Receives the penis during sexual intercourse

A baby passes through here before its birth

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24
Q

The cervix is ____________________________;________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

A

Above the vagina

It is closed before puberty to prevent germs from forming

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25
Q

The vulva is the __________________________________________.

A

Opening to the vagina

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26
Q

A new life begins when __________________________________________________________________________________________________.

A

A sperm fuses with an ovum

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27
Q

During ______________ ______________, the husband insert his ______________ ______________ into the ______________ of his wife.

A

Sexual intercourse
Erect penis
Vagina

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28
Q

______________ containing millions of _______[a]_______ is ______________ into the ______________.
The [a] swim up through the ______________ into the ____________.

A

Semen, sperms, ejected, vagina

Uterus, oviducts

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29
Q

After sexual intercourse, if an ovum is present in the ______[a]_______ after ovulation, one of the _____________ may fuse with the ovum to form a _______________ (also called a _________________ ____________) (______________ cell).
Only the ______________ of the [a] enters the ovum while its ______________ remains outside
^this process is called ______[b]________
If there is no ovum in either of the [a] ___________________________________________________ and _____________________________________________________________________.

A 
Oviduct, sperms
Zygote, fertilised ovum, single
Head, tail
Fertilisation
there is certainly no fertilisation 
All the sperms will die in two to three days
30
Q

We can use ‘__’ to denote ___________________________ as the sperm and ovum each carries _______ chromsomes.
When the sperm and the ovum fuse together during fertilisation, the zygote formed has _________ chromosomes. that is, ____.

A 
N
One set of chromosomes
23
46
2N
31
Q

Why is the number of chromosomes halved during the formation of sex cells?

A

So that the number of chromosomes is kept constant at 2N from generation to generation.

32
Q

Process of implantation (_________________,__________):

  1. After fertilisation, ___________________________
  2. The zygote ____________ _________ ____________ to _________ ______ _________ ______ ____________ called an _______[a]________. The [a] is moved through the _____________ to the _____________.
  3. It then ______________________________________(aka ________________)
A

Drilling deeply, embed
A zygote is formed
Divides many times, form a ball of cells, embryo
Oviduct, uterus
Implants into the uterine lining (menstruation)

33
Q

After implantation, the woman is ___________________.

A

Pregnant

34
Q

The process in which the embryo attaches firmly to the uterine lining is called _______________.

A

Implantation

35
Q

After implantation, the ______________ begins to develop in the _____________ of its mother.
It develops inside a bag called _____________.

A

Embryo, uterus

Amnion

36
Q

The amnion is ____________________________________________________ which ___________________________________ to ________________________________________________________.

A

Filled with a watery liquid
Acts as a cushion
Protect the embryo against shock

37
Q

At the site where the embryo is implanted in the _____________ _____________ , a _____________ begins to form. It is attached to the embryo by an ______________ ___________.

A

Uterine lining, placenta

Umbilical cord

38
Q

As the embryo grows, it needs to get _____________ and _____________ from its mother, and _______ ______ ______ _____________ _____________ and _____________ _____________.

A

Oxygen, nutrients, get rid of carbon dioxide, other wastes

39
Q

The _____________ allows an _____________ ________ _______________ between the embryo’s blood and the mother’s blood.

A

Placenta

Exchange of materials

40
Q

The embryo’s blood and the mother’s blood do not mix together as:

  • (blood vessels)
  • (compatible blood types)
A
  • the mother’s heart pumps such a strong current of blood, if it is given to the baby, the baby’s blood vessels will break
  • if the baby’s blood is not compatible with the mother’s blood and their blood gets mixed together, the mother will die
41
Q

The _____________ develops into a _____________ about _____________ weeks after fertilisation. The _____________ has all his/ her _____________ _____________ formed by then.

A

Embryo, foetus, eight, foetus, major organs

42
Q

The _____________ is ready to be born after about ______ __________ after _________________.

A

Foetus, 38 weeks, fertilisation

43
Q

Please describe the state of the embryo at one week old.

A

-an embryo is about to implant into the uterine lining

44
Q

Please describe the state of the embryo at 5 weeks old.

A
  • heart beats

- backbone formed

45
Q

Please describe the state of the foetus at eight weeks old.

A
  • all major organs formed

- arms and legs begin to form

46
Q

Please describe the state of the foetus at twelve weeks old.

A
  • head, neck, arms and legs continue to develop and are more clearly seen
  • last period of time when legal abortion by choice can be carried out
47
Q

Please describe the state of the foetus at twenty weeks.

A
  • arms and legs grow well

- may begin to suck thumb

48
Q

Please describe the state of the foetus at 38 weeks.

A

-ready to be born (already safe though some prefer 40 weeks)

49
Q

Through the _________________, an embryo gets _________________ and _________________ from its mother, and gets rid of ______________ ______________ and other wastes.

A

Placenta, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide

50
Q

Process of the birth of a baby

  1. Muscles of the _______________ ____________ ______________, causing pain in the _________________
  2. The _________________ breaks
  3. _________________________________ to __________________ the _________________
  4. The ______________ of the _____________ becomes ________________
  5. The baby is pushed out with the ___________________________________________________
  6. The baby cries for the first time and takes its first breath
  7. The _________________ _________________ is clamped and cut
  8. The _________________ is _________________ after the baby is born
A 
Uterus contract strongly, abdomen
Amnion
Watery liquid flows out, lubricate, vagina
Opening, uterus, wider
Head coming out first
Umbilical cord
Placenta, expelled
51
Q

Normally, every person is born with a complete set of reproductive organs that become _________________ for _________________ at _________________.

A

Mature, reproduction, puberty

52
Q

Puberty usually starts at the age of _____ or ______ and ends around _______. It usually occurs earlier in ___________ than in __________.

A

10, 11
18
Girls, boy

53
Q

-

A

Sex hormones
Secondary sexual characteristics begin to show
Signs fo sexual maturity appear

54
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics are _________________ _________________ we see in _________________ males and females.

A

External features

Adult

55
Q 
Name the four secondary characteristics of males:
-
-
-
-
A

Beards grow
Larynx enlarges and voice becomes deeper
Hair grows in pubic areas and armpits
Shoulders become wider and the body becomes more muscular

56
Q

-
-

A

Breasts develop
Hips become wider
Hair grows in pubic area and armpits

57
Q

Signs of sexual maturity show that the bodies of boys and girls have reached _________________ _________________ and are able to _________________.

A

Sexual maturity

Reproduce

58
Q

In males, boys may start to experience ___________ _________________ (sign of sexual maturity) (aka _________________ _________________)

A

Wet dreams

Nocturnal emission

59
Q

The _________________ of boys may start to produce _________________ and ________[a]_________ during puberty, and the [a] may _______________ _____________ from the _________________ during sleep.

A

Testes, sperms, semen, flow out, penis

60
Q

Do all boy have wet dreams?

A

No

61
Q

What can you do to stop wet dreams from coming too often?

  • sleeping ______ _________ _____________
  • _________________ wearing ____________ clothing
  • not _________________ or _________________ too much before going to bed
A

On one’s side
Avoiding, tight
Eating, drinking

62
Q

Girls start to have their ________[a]_________ (sign of sexual maturity) as their _________ will start to develop in their ______________ during puberty. Their _______[a]_______ occurs about _____________ _____________.
During [a], ___________________________________________________.

A

Menstruation, ova, ovaries
Menstruation, every month
Some blood will pass out through the vagina

63
Q

It is quite _________________ for a girl to have _________________ menstruation at first. Later on, ___________________________________________________.

A

Common, irregular, the cycle will become more regular

64
Q

Girls can ____________ during menstruation, but some may feel _________________ when they _______[a]________ during menstruation. They should take ________________________________________________________.

A

Exercise, tired

Enough rest after exercise

65
Q

The process of menstruation lasts for ______ days and is divided into four parts: days 1-__ [1], days __-__ [2], day __ [3] and days __-__ [4].

A

28

1-5, 6-10, 14, 15-28

66
Q

The first period of time of the menstrual cycle is called _________________. In this period of time, the _________________ ________________ __________________ _________________. The tissues of the _________________ _________________, _________________ and the _________________ ____________ pass out through the _________________.

A

Menstruation
Uterine lining breaks down
Uterine lining, blood, unfertilised ovum, vagina

67
Q

The second period of time is when the _________________ _________________ _________________.
To _________________ for the _________________ of the _________________, the _________________ _________________ _________________ with _________________ _________________ _________________.

A

Uterine lining thickens

Prepare, implantation, embryo, uterine lining thickens, increased blood supply

68
Q

The third period of time is called _________________ . It is when a ____________ ___________ is _________________ from an _________________ into the _________________. The _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________.

A

Ovulation
Mature ovum, released, ovary, oviduct
Uterine lining further thickens

69
Q

The fourth period of time is when the _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________. The _________________ _________________ _________________ _____________ _________________ here, and it is _________________for the _________________ to _________________ if _________________ takes place.

A

Uterine lining remains thickened
Uterine lining becomes very thick
Ready, embryo, implant, fertilisation

70
Q

Menstruation is also known as ‘_________________’. The _________________ and _________________ ______________ of the _________________ _________________ occurs _________________.
This periodic change is called the _________________ _________________. The length of this period may _________________ from person to person.

A

Period ,thickening, breaking down,uterine lining, periodically, menstrual cycle, vary

Science S1 (33 decks)

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