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Science S1 > Ch.4.1 > Flashcards

Ch.4.1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All living things are made up of ________.

A

Cells

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2
Q

Living things that are made up of one cell only are called ______________ ____________
examples: _______________ and _____________

A

Unicellular organisms

Amoeba, bacteria

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3
Q

Living things that are made up of more than one cell are called ________________ __________
Example: the human body is made up of about ____________________________ cells

A

Multicellular organisms

100 trillion

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4
Q

The different types of cells in the human body have different ___________, _______________ and __________

A

Sizes shapes functions

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5
Q

__________ are the basic unit of living things.

A

Cells

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6
Q

Living things can be classified into two large groups: ____________ and ____________.

A

Animals, plants

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7
Q

Various types of animals cells have __________ ____________ ____________ __________________.

A

Some common basic features

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8
Q

Animal cells do/ don’t have a fixed shape as they ______________ __________ ______ ___________ ____________.

A

don’t have a cell wall

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9
Q

A plant cell is ____________ to an animal cell.

A

Similar

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10
Q

Most plant cells have a __________ __________ as it has a cell wall.
With a cell wall, the shapes of the plant cells are _________ _______ __________ ______ ___________.

A

Fixed shape

More or less the same

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11
Q

An animal cell consists of a _________ ____________, _______________ and a ________________.

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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12
Q

A plant cell consists of a ___________ _____________, _______________, a _____________, a ____________ ______________, a __________________ and some plant cells of green plants also contain ________________.

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

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13
Q

The cell membrane is a ____________ layer, which is also the ______________ layer of a cell.
It _________________________________________________________.

A

Thin, outermost

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

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14
Q

The cytoplasm in a cell is ______________ the membrane. It is a ____________________ _______________.
It is ______________________________________________.

A

Inside
Jelly-like substance
The medium where chemical reactions take place

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15
Q

The nucleus is ________________ _________ the ______________________ of a cell.
It __________________________________________________.

A

Surrounded by the cytoplasm

Contains genetic materials which control the activities of the cell

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16
Q

The cell wall is _____________.

It ______________, _________________ and ____________ _____________ ______________________________________.

A

Rigid

Protects, supports, gives shape to a plant cell

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17
Q

The vacuole is ____________ and in the ________________.

It is a ____________________________________________ and ______________________________.

A

Large
Cytoplasm
Sac that contains a fluid that mainly consists of water
Stores dissolved minerals

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18
Q

The chloroplasts in a plant cell are found in ____________ ______________ _______________.
It is the __________________________________________________________________.

A

Some green plants

Site where photosynthesis takes place in order to make food

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19
Q

Both _____________ cells and _____________ cells have a __________________, a ____________ ________________ and ______________________.
In addition to these structure, _____________ cells also have a _____________ ___________, a large ______________. Some cells in ___________ ____________ also contain _____________________.

A

Animal, plant, nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm

Plant, cell wall, vacuole, green plants also contain chloroplasts

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20
Q

We can only observe cells that are _______________________________________ by using a ________________.

A

Too small to be seen with the naked eye

Microscope

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21
Q

A microscope can produce _______________ images of ____________ objects.

A

Magnified, small

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22
Q

The microscopes commonly used in the school laboratory are ______________ ______________.
They can magnify the image of an object up to _______________ ______________ _______________.

A

Light microscopes

Several hundred times

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23
Q

________________ __________________ are more powerful than those used in schools.
They can magnify the image of an object by up to _________________ _______________ _______________.
They are usually used in the ________________ ______________.

A

Electron microscopes
Several million times
Research laboratory

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24
Q

We can use a _______________ to observe cells.

A

Microscope

25
Q

The eyepiece of a microscope is a __________ __________ ____________________ ____________________.

A

Lens for magnifying specimens

26
Q

The _______________ and _______________ with _______________ are _______________ ________ ____________ ends of the body tube.

A

Eyepiece, nosepiece, objectives, mounted on both

27
Q

The objective is a _______________________________________________________________.

A

lens for magnifying specimens

28
Q

The stage is where the _______________ _______________ is placed for ___________________.
It has a _______________ in it to ___________________________________________________________.

A

Microscope slide
Observation
Hole
Allow light to pass through

29
Q

The condenser and diaphragm __________________________________________________________________________________________.

A

Regulates the amount of light entering the hole on the stage

30
Q

The LED light bulb _______________ _______________ for the _______________.

A

Provides light, microscope

31
Q

The nosepiece has _______________ to _______________ ____________________________________________________________. It can be turned to _______________ _______________.

A

Holes, fit different objectives

Different magnifications

32
Q

The clip _______________________________________________________________________________________.

A

Holds the microscope slide in place on the stage

33
Q

The coarse adjustment knob _______________ _______________ ______ _______________ _______________.

A

Helps get a rough focus

34
Q

The fine adjustment knob _______________ _______________ _______ _______________ _______________ _______________.

A

Helps get a very sharp focus

35
Q

The brightness adjustment knob _______________ the _______________ _______ _______________ ___________ _______ _______________ _______________.

A

Regulates, amount of light from the light source

36
Q

When using a microscope, we should remember that:

  • the microscope should be put on a ___________ ____________ and should not be ___________________________________________________________________________________.
  • we should _______________ _________ ____________ _____________ _______________ _______________ and _______________ __________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ when carrying a microscope.
A

Flat surface
Too close to the edge of the bench
Hold the arm with one hand
support the base with the other hand

37
Q

A microscope has different _______________ and _______________. Each of them has a _______________ marked on its body.

A

Eyepieces, objectives

Magnification

38
Q

The _______________ the eyepiece, the _______________ the magnification.
The _______________ the objective, the _______________ the magnification.

A

Longer, lower

Longer, higher

39
Q

Formula for the magnification of a microscope:

A

Magnification of eyepiece X magnification of objective

40
Q

Formula for calculating image size:

A

Specimen actual size X total magnification

41
Q

With a lower power, we can see:
_______________ details of the specimen.
a _______________ area of the specimen observed
a _______________ image

A

Less
Larger
Brighter

42
Q

Steps to observing with a microscope:

  1. ________________ ______ the _____________ of the microscope
  2. Adjust the _________________ until the light is _____________ and _____________
  3. __________ a prepared slide on the ______________
  4. Select a _______ ___________ _______________ (eg [ ]X)
  5. _______________ the stage at eye level to make sure that _____________________________________________________________________. _____________ the stage ______ until the slide nearly touches the ___________________.
  6. Look through the _______________. Slowly _______________ the stage using the _______________ ____________________ ___________ until the image becomes _______________.
  7. _______________ with the _______________ _______________ _______________.
  8. Move the part of the specimen you want to _______________ _________ _______________ to the _______________ of the view
  9. _______________ the _______________ to select a _______________ or _________________ power objective (eg [ ]X, [ ]X)
  10. _______________ with the _______________ _______________ ___________.
  11. Adjust the _______________ to _______________ the view if necessary.
A

1Switch on the light of the microscope
2Adjust the diaphragm until the light is sufficient and even
3Clip a prepared slide on the stage
4Low power objective (4)
5Watch the stage at eye level to make sure that the specimen doesn’t touch the lens of the objective. Move the stage up until the slide nearly touches the objective
6look through the eyepiece. Slowly lower the stage using the coarse adjustment knob until the image becomes clear.
7focus with the fine adjustment knob
8move the part of the specimen you want to observe in detail to the centre of the view
9rotate the nosepiece to select a high power objective (10,40)
10focus with the fine adjustment knob
11adjust the diaphragm to brighten the view if necessary.

43
Q

The image observed under a microscope is _______________ and _______________.

A

Magnified and inverted

44
Q

Why do we need to stain animal cells/ plant cells?

A

Adding a staining solution makes the cells easier to observe.

45
Q

Observing animal cells and plant cells

  1. _______________ a _______________
  2. _______________
  3. Covering the _______________ ___________ with a ___________ ____________
A

Obtaining, specimen
Staining
Microscope slide, cover slip

46
Q

_______________ is the genetic material inside the _______________.

A

DNA, nucleus

47
Q

DNA is often described as the ‘_______________ of _______________’ as it _______________ all _______________ _______________ for _______ _________ to _______________ __________ _______________ so that _______ ____________ _______ _______________, _______________ and _______________.

A

Book of life
Contains all information needed for the cells to carry out activities so that our bodies can function, grow and reproduce

48
Q

DNA also _______________ what features we receive from our _______________.

A

Determines, parents

49
Q

Inside the nucleus of a cell, there a ____________________ structures called ______________________.

A

Thread-like

Chromosomes

50
Q

The _________ coils up and wraps around _______________ to form a ____________________ inside a _______________.
Coiling up ___________ _______________ so that the ____________________ are able to fit into the _______________.

A

DNA, proteins, chromosome, nucleus

Saves space, chromosomes, nucleus

51
Q

There are ______ chromosomes in a human body cell.

A

46

52
Q

Chromosomes occur as ___________.

Therefore, there are ________ ___________ of __________________ in a human body cell.

A

Pairs

23 pairs of chromosomes

53
Q

There are ______ ___________ of _______________ and 1 ___________ of ________ __________________.

A

22 pairs of autosomes

1 pair of sex chromosomes

54
Q

The _________ ____________________ determine whether a baby is _______________ or _______________.

A

Sex chromosomes

Male or female

55
Q

In females, the sex chromosomes are:

In males, the sex chromosomes are:

A

XX

XY

56
Q

When living things grow, the number of cells in their bodies _______________ by ___________ __________________.

A

Increase

Cell division

57
Q

Process of cell division:

  1. Before cell division, the _______________ _______________ in the _______________ make an _______________ _______________ of themselves (the original cell is called the _______________ cell)
  2. ___________________ _______________
  3. The _______________ _______________ into _______________
  4. The ______________________ _______________ into _______________
  5. ________ _______________ cells are formed, each containing a _______________.
  6. The _______________ cells absorb ________________ and _______________ _______________.
A 
Genetic materials, nucleus, identical copy, daughter
Chromosomes duplicate 
Nucleus divides into two
Cytoplasm divides into two
Two daughter cells, nucleus
Daughter, nutrients, grow bigger
58
Q

As a result of _______________ _______________ _______________ and the _______________ in _______________ of _______________, living things _______________ _______________.
They will also _______________ more _______________ _______________ and their _______________ _______________ will be _______________ with more cells.

A 
Repeated cell division 
Increase, size of cells
Grow bigger
Possess, different functions
Life span, longer
59
Q

Cells can _______________ _______________ _______________ to form new cells.
Living things _______________ by _______________ the _______________ and _______________ of cells.

A

Undergo cell division

Grow, increasing, size, number

Science S1 (33 decks)

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