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Bio 181 FINAL > Ch.3 Biological Macromolecules > Flashcards

Ch.3 Biological Macromolecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

monomers

A

single subunits that make macromolecules

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2
Q

polymers

A

monomers bonded using covalent bonds

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3
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

creation of polymers, water is released as a byproducts

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4
Q

Hydrolysis

A

breakdown of polymers, insert water

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5
Q

Carbohydrates

A

carbon. hydrogen and O

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6
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars, C range from 3-7,
glucose, fructose, galactose (isomers)
are classified by position of carbonyl group on number of c on backbone

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7
Q

aldose

A

carbonyl at tail

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8
Q

ketose

A

carbonyl in the middle

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9
Q

Disaccharides

A

form when two mono rings undergo dehydration reaction, releases water and forms covalent bond

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10
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

covalent bond between a carb molecule and another two monos

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11
Q

Polysaccharides

A

branched or not long chain monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

Glycogen

A

storage form of glucose

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13
Q

Cellulose

A

makes up cell wall

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14
Q

Lipids

A

hydrocarbons that arent polar

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15
Q

phospholipids

A

fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol or sphingosine backbone (amphipathic)

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16
Q

steroids

A

fused ring structure, hydrophobic and insoluble

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17
Q

proteins can be…

A 
structural
regulatory
toxins
contractive
protective
enzymes
transport
storage 
membranes`
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18
Q

enzymes

A

produced by cells , are catalysts of biochemical reactions, complex conjugated proteins

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19
Q

catabolic enzymes

A

break down substrates

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20
Q

anabolic enzymes

A

build complex molecules

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21
Q

catalytic enzymes

A

affect rate of reaction

22
Q

Polypeptides/ bond

A

chain of aminos bonded by peptide bonds in a condensation reaction ( between two proteins)

23
Q

Protein Structure

1

A

unique sequence of polypeptide chain, contains A and B chain

24
Q

Protein Structure

2

A

local folding of the polypeptide in some regions
a-helix, b-pleated sheets
shape held by hydrogen bonds

25
Q

Protein Structure

3

A

forms a functional protein, unique 3-D structure

chemical interactions among R groups create 3-D structure

26
Q

Protein Structure

4

A

two or more tertiary structures

folded polypeptide chains in close proximity

27
Q

Denaturing

A

often reversible when denaturing agent is removed

if irreversible loss of function

28
Q

Chaperonin

A

protein that helps keep proteins folded

29
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

carry genetic information and instructions for how to function

30
Q

DNA

A

genetic material

31
Q

Nucleotides

A

small organic molecule consisting of 5 carbon sugar a N base and 1 or more phosphate groups

32
Q

Polynucleotides

A

combination of nucleotides, DNA, RNA

33
Q

Purines

A

2 carbon nitrogen rings (Adenine, Guanine)

34
Q

Pyrimidines

A

single carbon nitrogen rings ( Thymine, Cytosine)

35
Q

Phosphodiester Linkage

A

phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5 carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3 carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide

36
Q

Helix runs in opposite directions

A

5 carbon end faces 3 carbon of matching strand

37
Q

Codons

A

3 bases, how mRNA is read, each one for single amino acid

38
Q

mRNA

A

carries message from DNA which controls all cellular activities, sequence complementary to DNA coding

39
Q

rRNA

A

ensures, proper alignment of the mRNA and ribosomes,

40
Q

tRNA

A

carries correct amino acid to protein synthesis site

is base pairing between tRNA and mRNA allowing correct amino acid to insert itself in polypeptide chain

41
Q

MicroRNA

A

regulates gene expression by interfering with the expression of certain mRNA messages

42
Q

Transcription

A

DNA dictates the structure of mRNA

43
Q

Translation

A

mRNA dictates proteins structure

44
Q

Dehydrations leads to

A

water and polymers

45
Q

For breaking down polymers you use

A

hydrolysis

46
Q

cellulose and starch are examples of

A

polysaccharides

47
Q

where in the phospholipid bilayer is cholesterol

A

within tail (hydrophobic) layer

48
Q

nucleotide of DNA may contain

A

deoxyribose
thymine
phosphate group

49
Q

building blocks of nucleic acids are

A

nucleotides

50
Q

DNA is stable because

A

complementary base pairing creates a very stable structure

Bio 181 FINAL (12 decks)

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