Ch.3 Biological Macromolecules

Question 1

monomers

Answer 1

single subunits that make macromolecules

Question 2

polymers

Answer 2

monomers bonded using covalent bonds

Question 3

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 3

creation of polymers, water is released as a byproducts

Question 4

Hydrolysis

Answer 4

breakdown of polymers, insert water

Question 5

Carbohydrates

Answer 5

carbon. hydrogen and O

Question 6

Monosaccharides

Answer 6

simple sugars, C range from 3-7,
glucose, fructose, galactose (isomers)
are classified by position of carbonyl group on number of c on backbone

Question 7

aldose

Answer 7

carbonyl at tail

Question 8

ketose

Answer 8

carbonyl in the middle

Question 9

Disaccharides

Answer 9

form when two mono rings undergo dehydration reaction, releases water and forms covalent bond

Question 10

Glycosidic bond

Answer 10

covalent bond between a carb molecule and another two monos

Question 11

Polysaccharides

Answer 11

branched or not long chain monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

Question 12

Glycogen

Answer 12

storage form of glucose

Question 13

Cellulose

Answer 13

makes up cell wall

Question 14

Lipids

Answer 14

hydrocarbons that arent polar

Question 15

phospholipids

Answer 15

fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol or sphingosine backbone (amphipathic)

Question 16

steroids

Answer 16

fused ring structure, hydrophobic and insoluble

Question 17

proteins can be…

Answer 17

structural
regulatory
toxins
contractive
protective
enzymes
transport
storage 
membranes`

Question 18

enzymes

Answer 18

produced by cells , are catalysts of biochemical reactions, complex conjugated proteins

Question 19

catabolic enzymes

Answer 19

break down substrates

Question 20

anabolic enzymes

Answer 20

build complex molecules

Question 21

catalytic enzymes

Answer 21

affect rate of reaction

Question 22

Polypeptides/ bond

Answer 22

chain of aminos bonded by peptide bonds in a condensation reaction ( between two proteins)

Question 23

Protein Structure

1

Answer 23

unique sequence of polypeptide chain, contains A and B chain

Question 24

Protein Structure

2

Answer 24

local folding of the polypeptide in some regions
a-helix, b-pleated sheets
shape held by hydrogen bonds

Question 25

Protein Structure | 3

Answer 25

forms a functional protein, unique 3-D structure | chemical interactions among R groups create 3-D structure

Question 26

Protein Structure | 4

Answer 26

two or more tertiary structures | folded polypeptide chains in close proximity

Question 27

Denaturing

Answer 27

often reversible when denaturing agent is removed | if irreversible loss of function

Question 28

Chaperonin

Answer 28

protein that helps keep proteins folded

Question 29

Nucleic Acids

Answer 29

carry genetic information and instructions for how to function

Question 30

DNA

Answer 30

genetic material

Question 31

Nucleotides

Answer 31

small organic molecule consisting of 5 carbon sugar a N base and 1 or more phosphate groups

Question 32

Polynucleotides

Answer 32

combination of nucleotides, DNA, RNA

Question 33

Purines

Answer 33

2 carbon nitrogen rings (Adenine, Guanine)

Question 34

Pyrimidines

Answer 34

single carbon nitrogen rings ( Thymine, Cytosine)

Question 35

Phosphodiester Linkage

Answer 35

phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5 carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3 carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide

Question 36

Helix runs in opposite directions

Answer 36

5 carbon end faces 3 carbon of matching strand

Question 37

Codons

Answer 37

3 bases, how mRNA is read, each one for single amino acid

Question 38

mRNA

Answer 38

carries message from DNA which controls all cellular activities, sequence complementary to DNA coding

Question 39

rRNA

Answer 39

ensures, proper alignment of the mRNA and ribosomes,

Question 40

tRNA

Answer 40

carries correct amino acid to protein synthesis site | is base pairing between tRNA and mRNA allowing correct amino acid to insert itself in polypeptide chain

Question 41

MicroRNA

Answer 41

regulates gene expression by interfering with the expression of certain mRNA messages

Question 42

Transcription

Answer 42

DNA dictates the structure of mRNA

Question 43

Translation

Answer 43

mRNA dictates proteins structure

Question 44

Dehydrations leads to

Answer 44

water and polymers

Question 45

For breaking down polymers you use

Answer 45

hydrolysis

Question 46

cellulose and starch are examples of

Answer 46

polysaccharides

Question 47

where in the phospholipid bilayer is cholesterol

Answer 47

within tail (hydrophobic) layer

Question 48

nucleotide of DNA may contain

Answer 48

deoxyribose thymine phosphate group

Question 49

building blocks of nucleic acids are

Answer 49

nucleotides

Question 50

DNA is stable because

Answer 50

complementary base pairing creates a very stable structure