Ch. 10 Cell Reproduction

Question 1

gamete

Answer 1

23 chromosomes each

Question 2

Diploid

Answer 2

two matched or homologous sets of chromosomes (one from each parent)

Question 3

Haploid

Answer 3

one set of chromosomes (gametes)

Question 4

Homologous Chromosomes

Answer 4

matched pair of chromosomes

Question 5

Genes

Answer 5

Functional units of chromosomes , determine specific characteristics for coding specific proteins

Question 6

1st level of Compaction

Answer 6

stretches of DNA double helix wrap around a core of eight histone proteins called chromatin

Question 7

Nucleosome

Answer 7

histone, DNA complex linked together by linker DNA

Question 8

2nd level of Compaction

Answer 8

occurs as nucleosomes and the linker DNA between them coil into a chromatin fiber

Question 9

3rd level of Compaction

Answer 9

variety of fibrous proteins used to pack the chromatin

Question 10

Chromatids

Answer 10

one part of the chromosome, one sister

Question 11

Centromere

Answer 11

region where chromatids are connected

Question 12

cytokinesis

Answer 12

cell cytoplasm partitioned

Question 13

interphase

Answer 13

cell grows and DNA is replicated

Question 14

G1 phase

Answer 14

accumulates chromosomal DNA and associated proteins as well as energy reserves to complete task of copying each chromosome in nucleus

Question 15

S phase

Answer 15

synthesis of DNA, DNA replication proceeds through to result in formation of identical pairs of DNA molecules that are firmly attached to the centromeric region

Question 16

G2 phase

Answer 16

cell replenishes its energy stores and synthesizes proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation and movement

Question 17

Karyokinesis

Answer 17

first portion of the mitotic phase, nuclear division (5 stages) second process is cytokinesis

Question 18

Chromosomes become visible under a light microscope

Answer 18

Prophase

Question 19

attachment of the mitotic spindle fibers to the kinetochore

Answer 19

Prometaphase

Question 20

chromosomes align at metaphase plate

Answer 20

Metaphase

Question 21

Seperation of sister chromatids is a characteristic of which stage

Answer 21

Anaphase

Question 22

unpacking of chromosomes and the formation of new nuclear envelope

Answer 22

Telophase

Question 23

cytokinesis in animals

Answer 23

cleavage furrow and actin ring contract splitting in 2

Question 24

cytokinesis in plants

Answer 24

cell wall fuses from vesicles and parts of other various split apart organelles forms phragmoplast which becomes cell wall

Question 25

G0 phase

Answer 25

cell does not undergo cell cycle due to environmental factors or other regions

Question 26

Human growth hormone

Answer 26

too little or too much can affect cell cycle

Question 27

cell cycle checkpoints

Answer 27

points in which progression of cell cycle to next stage can be halted until conditions are good

Question 28

G1 checkpoint

Answer 28

external factors have the greatest influence

Question 29

G2 checkpoint

Answer 29

ensures that all DNA has been replicated and none has been damaged

Question 30

M checkpoint

Answer 30

occurs at end of metaphase stage of karyokinesis and is also known as the spindle checkpoint

Question 31

Positive Regulation

Answer 31

promote progress of cell to next phase

Question 32

Negative Regulation

Answer 32

halt cycle

Question 33

which protein is a positive regulator that phosphorylates other proteins when activated

Answer 33

CdK

Question 34

to fully activate CdK

Answer 34

must be phosphorylated in specific location

Question 35

Rb, p53 and p21 are negative regulator, tumor suppressor proteins

Answer 35

acts when there is damaged DNA preparing for G1 | as p53 rises so does p21, enforces cycle stop

Question 36

Rb

Answer 36

monitors cell size and exerts regulatory influence on other positive regulator proteins

Question 37

Apoptosis

Answer 37

cell suicide

Question 38

proto-oncogenes

Answer 38

normal genes that when mutated in certain ways become cancerous any gene when altered leads to an increase in the rate of the cell cycle

Question 39

Oncogenes

Answer 39

genes that cause a cell to become cancerous

Question 40

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Answer 40

Rb, p53, p21

Question 41

Binary Fission

Answer 41

genomic DNA is replicated and divided | karyokinesis not neccessary bc there is no true nucleus or chromosomes

Question 42

origin

Answer 42

starting point of replication

Question 43

FtsZ

Answer 43

filamenting temperature sensitive mutant z | forms ring and triggers other proteins to work towards new membrane

Question 44

Septum

Answer 44

forms between daughter nucleoids extends and when cell wall is complete separates

Question 45

mitotic spindles arise from

Answer 45

centromere

Question 46

main prereq for clearance at the G2 checkpoint

Answer 46

accurate and complete DNA replication

Question 47

a gene that codes for a positive cell cycle regulator is called a

Answer 47

proto oncogene

Question 48

relationship between gene, chromosome and genes

Answer 48

genome is a double stranded DNA molecule with a certain number of chromosomes in its nucleus genes are sequences in DNA that determine traits chromosomes make up genomes