Ch.2 Chemical Foundation of Life

Question 1

Law of Mass Action

Answer 1

states that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reacting substances

Question 2

cations

Answer 2

positive ions that form from losing electrons

Question 3

anions

Answer 3

negative ions that form from gaining electrons

Question 4

ionic bonds

Answer 4

form between ions with opposite charges

Question 5

covalent bonds

Answer 5

sharing electrons between atoms to satisfy octet rule

Question 6

polar covalent bonds

Answer 6

unequal electron sharing (slightly pos and neg regions)

Question 7

non-polar bonds

Answer 7

equal electron sharing

Question 8

hydrogen bonds

Answer 8

weak bonds between slightly charged hydrogen atoms and slightly charged atoms of another molecule

Question 9

Properties of Water Critical for Life

Answer 9

high heat capacity
heat of evaporation
dissolve polar molecules
cohesive and adhesive properties
dissociation into ions, generating pH

Question 10

Solvent

Answer 10

substance capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds

Question 11

pH

Answer 11

indicates acidity or alkalinity, measures concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

Question 12

Acid

Answer 12

increases H+ concentration,

Question 13

Base

Answer 13

provides OH- or other neg charged ions to combine with hydrogen ions reducing concentration of solution and thereby raising pH

Question 14

Macromolecules

Answer 14

complex molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbs and lipids

Question 15

Hydrocarbons

Answer 15

organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen ( can be chains or single, double, triple covalent bonds)

Question 16

Hydrocarbon chains

Answer 16

successive bonds between carbon atoms

-ane (single) -ene (double) -yne (triple)

Question 17

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Answer 17

consist of linear lines, chains

Question 18

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Answer 18

closed rings of carbon atoms

Question 19

isomers

Answer 19

molecules that share the same chemical formula but differ in the structure of their atoms/ chemical bonds

Question 20

structural isomers

Answer 20

differ in the placement of their chemical bonds (butane vs isobutane)

Question 21

Geometric isomers

Answer 21

similar placements of cavalent bonds but differ in how bonds are made to surrounding atoms

Question 22

Cis Bonds

Answer 22

When carbons are on the same side

Question 23

Trans Bonds

Answer 23

When carbons are NOT on the same side

Question 24

Triglycerides

Answer 24

long carbon chains, fats and oils, may contain double bonds which can be either cis or trans
1 double bond: Unsat fats
no double bond: Sat Fats (bad)

Question 25

Enantiomers

Answer 25

molecules that share same structure and chemical bonds but differ in the 3-d placement of atoms so they are mirrored

Question 26

Hydroxyl

Answer 26

-OH alcohol

polar

Question 27

Methyl

Answer 27

-CH3 methylated compound

nonpolar

Question 28

Carbonyl

Answer 28

C=O

polar

Question 29

Carboxyl

Answer 29

-COOH

charged, acidic

Question 30

Amino

Answer 30

-NH2

charged, basic

Question 31

Phosphate

Answer 31

charged, acidic

Question 32

Sulfhydryl

Answer 32

-SH

polar

Question 33

atoms that vary in the number of neutrons found in their nuclei are called

Answer 33

isotopes

Question 34

what type of bond represents a weak chemical one

Answer 34

hydrogen bond

Question 35

T/F water stabilizes temperature

Answer 35

F

Question 36

when acids are added to a solution, the pH should

Answer 36

decrease

Question 37

a molecule that binds up excess hydrogen ions

Answer 37

base

Question 38

T/F acids and bases neutralize each other

Answer 38

T

Question 39

What is not a functional group that can bond with C

Answer 39

Sodium