Ch. 7 Cellular Respiration Flashcards
oxidation
strips an electron from an atom in a compound
reduction
addition of electron to another compound
redox reactions
pairs of oxidation and reduction reactions involved with energy production within a cell
NAD
oxidized form
derived from vitamin B3 niacin
NADH
reduced form
has accepted two electrons and a proton
Dephosphorylation
release of one or two phosphate groups from ATP releasing energy
Phosphate groups
are negatively charged and repel each other making them unstable to release energy
Intermediate Complex
temporary structure made of enzymes that bind to several substrates that react with each other on the enzyme
Phosphorylation
addition of a phosphate
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
very direct method of phosphorylation where ATP is generated from ADP as a direct result of the chemical reactions that occur in the catabolic pathways
Chemiosmosis
process of ATP production in cellular metabolism used to generate 90% of the ATP made during glucose catabolism and is also used in photosynthesis to harness sunlight energy
Oxidative Phosphorylation
chemiosmosis process in mitochondria of ATP production that uses oxygen
Glycolysis
first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism
does not use oxygen directly so is considered anaerobic
takes place in cytoplasm
will begin with six C ring glucose and end with 2 molecules of 3 C sugar pyruvate
Outcomes of Glycolysis
2 pyruvate molecules, 4 new ATP and 2 NADH (net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH) if pyruvate is not catabolized only 2 ATP
Last step of glycolysis can not occur without
pyruvate kinase so it is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis
Pyruvate goes to _____ for cellular respiration
mitochondria
Breakdown of Pyruvate (oxidation)
pyruvate is transformed into an acetyl group
(carboxyl group is removed releasing CO2 and NAD is reduced to NADH so that an acetyl group is transfered to co enzyme A resulting in acetyl CoA
Citric Acid Cycle
occurs in mitochondrial matrix
produces very little ATP and uses little O
considered anaerobic
2 C come in from each acetyl group
2 CO2 are released each cycle and 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 are formed
carriers will connect with last portion of ETC and produce 1 ATP or GTP
Electron Transport Chain
last component of aerobic respiration and is the only part of glucose metabolism that uses atmospheric O2
shuttles electrons from NADH and FADH to molecular )2
in process protons are pumped from matrix to outside and oxygen is reduced to make H2O
Complex I
2 electrons carried to first complex via NADH composed of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and an iron sulfur containing protein
cofactor
Prosthetic Group
non protein molecule required for the activity of a protein can be organic or not nonpeptide molecules bound to a protein to facilitate its function
Q and Complex II
directly recieves FADH2 which does not pass C1 compound connecting II and III is UBIQUINONE B a lipid soluble molecule that freely moves through hydrophobic core, once reduced to QH2 it delivers its electrons to the next complex in the ETC
Complex III
composed of cytochrome B an Fe5 protein so iron ions in core is reduced and oxidized as it passes the electrons fluctuating between Fe++(reduced) and Fe+++ (oxidized)
Complex IV
cytochromes hold onto oxygen molecule tightly between iron and copper ions until O is reduced by gain of two electrons
reduced O then picks up 2 H ions from the surrounding medium to make H2O
removal of hydrogen ions from system contributes to ion gradient that forms foundation for chemiosmosis
