ch3 - anatomical stuff Flashcards
3 meninges
skull
- dura matter (top layer)
- Arachnoid membrane (middle)
+subarachnoid space (filled with CSF) - pia matter (bottom)
Ventricles
4 chambers in the brain holding CSF
Blood brain barrier BBB
protects the brain and spinal ord from chemical substances
cerebrospinal fluid CSF
ciculates around spinal column, the four ventricals aroudn the subarachnoid space
What is Hydrocephalus
an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) deep within the brain. The ventricles enlarge cuz too full
ischemic stroke
occurs when a blood clot, known as a thrombus, blocks or plugs an artery leading to the brain
hemorrhagic stroke
when a blood vessel in the brain explodes (ischemic –> hemorrhagic)
sensory neurons
bring information to the central nercous system CNS
Growth of glial and neurons
stem cell
progenitor cell
Blast
Specialized
interneurons
associate sensory and motor activity in the CNS
motor neurons
send signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles
ependymal cell
small, ovid, secretes CSF
astrocytes
star chaped, symmetrical
provide nutrients, structural support, K+ buffering, protects BBB
Microglia
immune responses in the brain also protects the BBB
Oligodendrocytes
aysmmetrical - form the mylelin shealth in CNS
Schwann cells
- wraps myelin shealth in the PNS
Gray matter
capillary blood vessels and neuronal cells
White matter
most axons that extand from neurons to connect with neurons in other part of the brain
Covered with glial cells with fatty substance (lipid)
reticular matter
a mixtre of cell bodies and axons
nerves
fibers and fiber pathways that enter and leave the CNS
ex: vagus nerve
tract (fiber pathways)
a large collection of axons projecting to or away from a nucleus or layers in the CNS
ex: corticospinal tract carries info from the cortex to the spinal cors or the optic tract
Layers (nuclei)
a well defined group of cell boies
ex: subcorical nuclei or cell body layer
Parts of the forebrain
Neocortex
Basal ganglia
limbic system
olfactory bulb
lateral ventricles
Parts of the brainstem
Diecephalon
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-pineal body
-third ventricle
Mesecephalon
-tectum
-tegmentum
-cerebral aqueduct
Myenchephalon
-cerebellum
-pons
-fourth ventricle
Myenchephalon
-medulla oblongata
- fourth ventricle
The 30 spinal segments
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
Bell-Magendie Law
the dorsal root is on the posterior of the spinal cord
the ventral root is on the anterior side of the spinal cord
Sherrington
“the spinal cord retains function even after is has been seperated from the brain”
Paraplegic
cant move legs
Quadriplegic
cant move anything
Reflexes
movements depent only on spinal cord function
flexion
movements that bring the limb inward-away from danger
extension
movements that extend the limb
ex: hand or foot touching a surface
Cranial nerves
the brain oversees 12 pair, including both afferent and efferent functions
Cranial Nerves
there are 12 crainal nerves
ex: olfactory is nerve 1
limbic system
the part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses
Referred pain
pain that’s felt in one part of the body, but the source of the pain is actually in another part
Cranial nerve 1
olfactory
Cranial nerve 2
optic
Cranial nerve 3
oculomotor (eyemovments)
reaction to light
lateral movement of eyes (ptosis)
Cranial nerve 4
trochlear (eyemovment)
Cranial nerve 5
Trigeminal
largest nerve and controls face and pain things
Cranial nerve 6
Abducens
Cranial nerve 7
facial
Cranial nerve 8
auditory vestibular
Cranial nerve 9
glossopharangeal
Cranial nerve X
Vagus
Cranial nerve 11
Spinal accessory
Cranial nerve 12
hypoglossal
Tectum
“roof” sensory information form the eyes and ears
superior colliculous (vision
inferior colliculus (hearing
red nuclei
limb movement
substantia negra
rewarding and initiating movements
PAG
species typical behviours, pain, and sexual behaviours
Two parts of the thalamus
epithalamus - connected to the pineal gland, secretes melatonin (seasonal and body rythms)
habenula - hunger and thirst
Huntingtons chorea
associated with basal ganglia, gradual cell death, inviluntary movements of the body
also is an issue with controlling movements, not initiating them
probalby involves the globulus paladus
Parkinsons disease
projections from substantia negra to basal ganglia die. difficulty with moving and maintaing balance
tourettes syndrome
involontary motor tics, the face, and head (hitting, lunging, jumping) involuntary vocalization
Basal ganglia “lower knots”
controlling and coordinating movements
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus pallidus
Limbic system: Neocortex
80% of the human brains volume
creates and responds to the perceptions of the world
Limbic system: Cingulate cortex
emotions, behaviour, memory
Fissure
fissure is deeper than a sulci
fissures divide the hemispheres (longitudinal fissure)
(Lateral fissure)
Sulci
“clefts”
Central sulcus
Gyri
“ridges” or “bumps”
Frontal lobe
motor functions
parietal lobes
body senses
temporal lobes
auditory functions
occipital lobes
visual functions
Primary areas
areas that recive projections from structures outside the neocortec or send projections to it
Secondary areas
send projections into the areas adjacent to them and the motor areas recive fibres from areas adjacent to them
Tertiary areas (association cortex)
involved in higher level cognitive function
-coodinate and connect the functions of the secondary areas
-language, planning, memory and attention
Motor and sensory cortex 6 layers
1,2,3: integrative functions
4: sensory input (afferent)
5,6: output to other parts of the brain (efferent)
top to bottom goes 1-6
Broadman’s Map
phrenology map of the brain
47 different regions
this is still used today
Problem: many areas can be further divided to far
Inferior colliculus
recives auditory input
Superior colliculus
recives visual input
