ch. 27 - Psychiatric disorders Flashcards
what is schizophrenia
delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking
what are the 5 main symptoms of schizophrenia, as described byu the DSM-5
- delusions that seem distort reality
- hallucinations that seem real
- bad speech (sensless rhyming)
- easiliy agitated
- other things that cause social dysfunction
experinced for 1-6 months depending on how many symptoms
what are brain abnormalities in schizophrenia
1 ventricles are larger
2 gray matter is decreased in “thinking regions”
-PFC
-temporal lobe
-hippocampus
3 white matter is decreased resulting in…
intrahemispheric and interhemispheric disconnections
are there a decrease in cells in the brain regarding schizophrenia?
-less dentrites (receive incoming info) in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (executive functions)
-less pyramidal cells (excitarory/stimulation singalling) in the hippocampus (memory and organization)
are there genes involved in schozophrenia?
no specific gene has been identified that could cause these structural changes
but we are looking into EPIGENETIC factors
what are some of the biochemical abnormalities regarding schizophrenia?
- increase dopamine in frontal lobe
(this is why most antipsychotic drugs are dopamine antagonists) - overexpression of D2 receptor
- abnormal GABA and glutamate receptors
not all patients have these effects
whats the difference between positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms
positive: hallucinations and delusions
negative: speech or more “normal” symptoms
The symptoms that cause the most problems in schizophrenia are the ________
cognitive symptoms
how many points of IQ was lost after onset of the disorder?
8-10 IQ points
what do reseachers think that cause of schizophrenia is?
epigenetic factors like….
-nutriton
-maternal infection
-birth complications
-environmental toxins
-emotional environment
also in combination with some genetic factors
in schizophrenia, Early minor abnormalities in the ________ lead to abnormal connectivity between the prefrontal cortex over time, resulting in the prefrontal abnormalities seen in schizophrenia
hippocampus
what is a mood disorder?
major depression.. which is characterized by feelings of worthlessness
mania…. which is characterized by euphoria thinking anything is possible
bioplar….. which is characterized by mania and major depression
what drugs are depleted in mood disorders
norepinephrine, dopamine, seretonin
when depressed
which receptors are involved in mood disorders
monoamine receptors
what drugs are used for mood disorders
- antidepressants which increase BDNF which helps neurons grow ( do not work for 40% of people)
- ketamine
- setting goals and getting excersize
what suppresses BDNF
stress trigger HPA axis and releases cortosol when stressed which can impact BDNF
Neuropathy in depression
- reduced cerebral activity in prefrontal cortex
- decreased gray matter in orbitofrontal cortex
- decreased connectivity overall
what drug is used for treatment-resistant depression?
ketamine
is it true that the more episodes of bipolar moods reduces grey matter>
yes
what makes bipolar disorder different from the other mood disorders
it can be progressive
what are some common anxiety disorders
- PTSD
- OCD
- phobias
- general anxiety disorder
which part of the brain generates the fear response
amygdala
- anterior cingulate
- hippocampus
what are some treatments for anxiety
anxiolytics
benzodiazepines,
serotonin reuptake inhibitors,
what was something that used to be usde to treat conditions such as depression and schizophrenia?
psychosurgery
