ch 24 - neurodevelopmental Flashcards
what is a neurodevelopmental disorder?
onset between utero development and the start of formal schooling
In neurodevelopmental disorders, are impariments specific to one function
no i can also affect other areas in ones life
ex: autism
What is the DSM-5
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition
provides
distinct classifications
of disorders
what is Autism’s description in the DSM-5
impairment in social interactions including repetitive behaviour patterns
what is ADHD description in the DSM-5
impairment in attention paired with hyperactivity. ex: excessive talking, fidgeting, on cant remain seated
what is intellectual disability’s description in the DSM-5?
impairment that effects language, interpersonal skills, and self-management domains
what are some types/examples of intellectual disability?
cerebral palsy (sort of)
hyrdrocephalus
fragile-X syndrome
fetal alcohol syndrome
down syndrome
what are some types of communication disorder? as described in the DSM-5
speech-sound disrder
childhood-onset fluency disorder
socai lcommunication disorder
autism spectrum disorder
ADHD
what are 2 types disorder classification of reading disabilities?
phonological disorder (letters)
Graphemic reading (whole word)
What is cerbral pasly
brain trauma during fetal developmetns that effects muscles and movement
30-60% of the time also infleunces intelectual behaviour
what is hydrocephalus
when the ventricles fill up with CSF and are blocked so they build up pressure and can cause brain damage or death
2/1000 babies born have Hydrocephalus
where is CSF produced?
in the choroid plexus and flows around the lateral ventricles
what leads to fragile-x syndrome?
what are some charactistics someone would have
FMR1 dominant gene on X chromosome makes proteins in neurons
characterized by facial abnormalities, brain damage, ADHD, and mood swings
Treatments: gene therapy, glutamate antagonist, GABA agonist
What is Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?
either parent uses alcohol during or before pregnancy
smaller brain and facial abnormalities
what is down syndrome caused by and when is it more likely
also what is the incidence
trisomy 21 overexpressed from non-disjunction. more so, in the females eggs (88% more common)
incidence is about 1:700 births
what are characteristics of down syndrome
short neck
almond eyes
small hands and feet and fingers
flat face
autoimmune disorders
heart issues
obesity
life expectancy: 47yo
what is speech sound disorder?
difficulty pronouncing or articulating the native language.
2 areas:
-knowledge of the sound
-Ability to produce the sound
causes are unclear but most likely a genetic/ hereditary factor
Treatment: speech therapy
what is childhood-onset fluency disorder?
stuttering***
90% of kids recover with speech therapy
1% is affected into adulthood
NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD WHY
what is social communication disorder?
difficulty with verbal and non-verbal communications
dont understand, humor, metphors…
what is autism spectrum disorder?
individuals have imaparied communication and socail interactions and they dispolay repetitive thoughts/behaviours
some individuals diagnosed later with ASD avoid ____ ____ and ____ ____ from birth
eye contact and physical contact from birth
individuals diagnosed with ASD develope normally until age ___ to ____
1 to 3 yo
syptoms of ASD include _______, ________, _______.
bad social interactions, insistence on routines, repeated body movements
incidence in ASD is as high as __ in ___ in the United States
1 in 54
what is high functioning autism?
normal or very smart (hyperlexia: can read well at a young age) or good at math
still has issues with communication and impairments in other areas
high functioning autism used to be called _______
Asperger syndrome until 2013 in the DSM
high functioning autism isn’t a term in the DSM but is part of their spectrum
what are some anatomical correlations with ASD
- head size is normal at birth but enlarged at 1yo
- Von Economo neurons in the cingulate cortex fail to develop; leading to social impairments
- gene expression in the pons leads to smaller nuclei
- prenatal or postnatal developmental conditions
- alterations in the microbiome that influence brain development
- SHANK3 gene (proteins important for neuron synapses)
- smaller brainstem
what is ADHD
attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder
what is the incidence of ADHD
are boys or girls more likely to have it
about 9 out of 100 children in the USA
boys are 2x likely to have ADHD
brain imaging in people with ADHD show __________ and _______ throughout the brain
abnormal connection; stuctures
In people with ADHD, impariment in the ________ including the _____ result in the inability to self regulate behaviours
ventral frontal circuits; basal ganglia
T or F; people with ADHD have increased grey matter (neuronal cell bodies) in the frontal cortex
F;false
what are some neurodevelopmental deficiencies involved in several disorders
1 reading disabilities
2 phonological and sensory deficiency
3 sound detection abilities
4 motor deficiency
5 attention deficiency
6 math disability
what is lexicon
the memory of words and their meanings
what is phonological reading
involves decoding letters into words that can be verbally spoken
what is graphemic reading
looking at the whole word and pronouncing the sound of word shapes
sh, igh, ing, ch
T or F; fleunt reading requires graphemic reading and phonological reading
T;true
T or F; people with memory impaiurment might have a harder time reading because they forget how words sound or how they should be spoken
T;true
what hemispere is associated with phonological and sensory deficiencies
PHONOME: left hemisphere languare regions
dyslexia has weaker connections in the _____ and the _______
left medail geniculate body and temporal cortex
what are some causes of reading disorders
- lack of attention disorders
- motor errors (damage to cerebellum) timing
- multicausal (not a single condition)
- genes could be involved
mathematical disability is called ____
and what is a common inability for these people
dyscalculia
inability to recognize patterns
what is the incidence of math disabilities
5 in 100 people
what are some common neuropsychological evaluations
IQ tests
ACID (arithmetic, coding, information, digit span) tests on the Wechsler intelligence scale can indentify learning impariment or reading or math issues
what is developmental coordination disorder?
disturbances of gross and fine motor control
(balance, timing, and learning movements)
often found in ADHD and ASD
what is the incidence of developmental coordination disorder?
5-10 per 100 kids
is it true that symptoms of developmental issues in children resemble brain damage seen in adults?
yes;true
is it true that development is imacted by nutrition, drug use, or environment toxins
yes;true
T or F; exposure to high levels of testosterone during development can impact the immune system which in turn impacts brain health and development?
T;true
is it true that the time of year you were born influences your success in school and sports?
yes
kids born earlier in the year are bigger and slightly more mature which can lead to advantages and confidence boosts
