CH3 Flashcards
______ refers to the way of life shared by a group of people- the knowledge, beliefs, values, rules or laws, language, customs, symbols, and material products within a society that help meet human needs.
Culture
_____ is an organized and interdependent group of individuals who live together in a specific geographic area who interact more with each other than they do with outsiders and who cooperate for the attainment of common goals.
Society
Premodern societies are held together by _______ ______, or cohesion and integration based on the similarity of individuals in the group, including beliefs, values, and emotional ties between members of the group.
Mechanical Solidarity
Postmodern societies are held together by organic solidarity which is the cohesion and integration based on differences of individuals in the group so that they are interdependent. The society has a large and specialized division of labor.
Organic Solidarity
_____-_____ ______ are societies in which people rely on vegetation and animals ocuring naturally in their habitat.
Hunter-gatherer societies
_____ ____ have food-producing strategies based on domestication of anmals, whose care is the central focus of their activities.
Hearding Societies
__________ are those in which the food-prducing strategy is based on domestication o plants.
Horticltural Societies
________ _____rely on raising crops for food but make us of technological advances.
Agricultural Societies
_______ _____ rely primarily on mechanized production for subsistence, resulting in greater division of labor based on expertise.
Industrial Societies
________ ______ are those that have moved from human labor and manufacturing to automated production and service jobs.
Postindustrial Society
_________ is the tendency to view one’s own group and its cultural expectations as right, proper and superior to others.
Ethnocentrism
_______ ______ requires setting aside cultural and personal belies and prejudices to understand another group or society through the eyes of a member of that community using its own standards.
Cultural Relativism
______ ________ includes all the object we can see or touch including the artifacts of a group of people.
Material Culture
________ ____ includes our thoughts, language, feelings, beliefs, vales, and attitudes that make up much ofour cultre
Nonmaterial Culture
_____ are shared judgmets about what is desirable or undesirable, right or wrong, good or bad.
Values
______ are more specific ideas we hold about life, about the way society works, and about where we fit into the world.
Beliefs
_______ ____ are practices, beliefs, and values that are regarded as most desirable in society and are consciously taught to children.
Ideal Culture
_____ _____ are the ways things in a society are actually done.
Real Culture
_____ are rules or behaviors share by members of a society and rooted in the value system.
Norms
______ are norms that most members observe because they have great moral significance in society.
Mores
______ are the strongest form of mores. They concern actions considered unthinkable or unspeakable in the culture.
Taboos
___ are norms that have been formally encoded by those holding political power in society.
Laws
_______ reinforce norms though rewards and penalties.
Sanctions
______ ______ are rewards or punishments conferred by recognized officials to enforce the most important norms.
Formal Sanctions
______ ____ are unofficial rewards or punishments such as smiles, frowns, or ignoring unacceptable behaviors.
Informal Sanctions
_____ is the foundation of every culture. It conveys verbal and non-verbal messages among members of society.
Language
The ______ _____ _____ posits that the people who speak a specific language make interpretations of their reality they notice certain thing and may fill to notice certain other things.
Linguistic Relativity Theory
__________ are groups that affect only a small segment of one’s life or influence a limited period of one’s life.
Microcultures
A _______ is the culture of a meso-level subcommunity that distinguishes itself from the dominant culture of the larger society.
Subculture
A _________ is a group with expectations and values that contrast sharply with the dominant values of a particular society
Counterculture
The ______ _____ is a population of people, usually living within a specified geographic area who are connected by common ideas, cooperate for the attainment of common goals and are subject to a particular political authority.
National Society
A ______ _____ is common values and beliefs that tie citizens of a nation together.
National Culture
_________ refers to the process by which the entire world is becoming a single sociocultural entity.
Globalization
____ ___ includes behavioral standards, symbols, values, and material objects that have become common across the globe.
Global Culure
The ______ _____ _ ________ is the process by which individuals and groups shape reality through social interactions.
Social Construction of Reality
