CH2 Sensation and Perception Flashcards
Signal Detection Theory
Our perception of stimuli changes due to internal and external context. i.e Someone saying your name
Cells for Shape Vision
Parvo cells
Bottom-up processing
Data-driven from stimuli and environment build up image to decide what it is
Inner ear steps/parts
Endolymph? Perilymph?
Vestibule?
Semicircular canals?
- Vibrations from the stapes push the Oval window which moves fluid in the Cochlea contains the organ of Corti composed of thousands of hair cells. The movement of the hair cause K+ and Ca2+ channels to open in the hair an cause an action potential that can travel to the brain
- Endolymph (fluid) is found in the membranous labyrinth. Perilymph is found in the bony labyrinth (bone)
- Vestibule: contains the utricle and saccule which contain otoliths (hair cells) sensitive to linear acceleration
- Semicircular Canals: Sensitive of rotational acceleration. Ampulla (hair cells) moved by the resistance of endolymph
Gestalt Principles
Difference Threshold
Minimum difference that allows for differentiation of stimuli of higher or lower magnitude. Weber’s Law applies this as a percentage difference
Middle ear steps/parts
- Vibrations from the tympanic membrane are transmitted by the ossicle: - Malleus - Incus - Stapes
- Eustachian tube connected to the nasal cavity equalizes pressure b/w middle ear and environment
Optic Chiasm
Hear the right and left optic nerve cross each other
Anatomy of Eye: Cornea, Iris, Lens, Ciliary Muscle, Ciliary Body, Retina
- Cornea: Gathers and filters incoming light
- Iris: Colored part of the eye (composed of the 2 muscles that dilate or contract the pupil)
- Lens: Behind the iris, controls the refraction of light towards the retina
- Ciliary Muscle: Can move the lens for accommodation
- Ciliary Body: produces aqueous humor which drains through the canal of Schlemm
- Retina: contains the photoreceptors
Parallel Processing
Using vision and its many cells to identify an object
Motion (magno)
shape (parvo)
color (cones 60%R 30%G 10%B)
Absolute Threshold
Minimum stimulus energy that is need to activate the sensory system (Action Potentials
Threshold of Conscious Perception
Stimulus that reaches the CNS but does not trigger the higher-order brain that controls conscious and attention
Top-down processing
Driven by memories and expectations. Quick recognition of an object without the need to identify its small parts
Cells for Motion Vision
Magno cells
Outer ear steps/parts
- Sound reaches the external auditory canal 2. The sound waves to the tympanic membrane 3. The frequency of the sound waves determines the rate of tympanic vibration
Response Bias
response based on external factors or tendencies implied in the situation.
Macula and Fovea
Macula (rods) there are more rods than cones Fovea (cones)
Rods are slow
Cones are fast
Bipolar cells and Ganglion Cells.
How do rods pass info.
They synapse together to form the optic nerves. Cones and rods are connected by bipolar cells.
Rods are always on, when light hits they become off and pass info to bipolar cells which pass to ganglion cell which passes to the optic nerves
Nociceptors
a sensory receptor for painful stimuli
Vision Processing In Eyes to Brain
What’s the Auditory Space
The area around the head used to perceive sounds.
- Distance
- Altitude
- Azimuth (angle)
loudness is not part of it
Place Theory
Perception of pitch, how high or low a tone is.
High vs low frequency
Motion Parallax
objects in the foreground are perceived as moving faster than objects in the background
used to perceived both depth and motion
Monocular Depth Cues
- Linear perspective
- Height in plane
- Relative Size
- Interposition
- Light and Shadow
- Texture gradients
Binocular Depth Cues:
- Convergence
- Retinal Disparity
- Convergence: Angle of eye changes as the distance changes (move inward as the object is closer) used as a distance indicator
- Retinal Disparity: Distance b/w our eyes causes 2 different images of the same object, making two 2d images into one 3d image
