Ch.2 Cells Flashcards
Compartmentalization
the isolation of specific kinds of chemical reactions within certain membrane enclosed structures
Plasma Membrane
the outer surface that regulates what comes in and out of the cell as well as communicate with other cells
Cytoplasm
all the cellular components between the membrane and nucleus. It’s two components are the cytosol and the organelle
Cytosol
the fluid portion of the cytoplasm, also called intracellular fluid contains water, dissolved solutes, and suspended particles
Organelles
refers to the “micro organs” in the cells inside of the cytosol
Nucleus
the large organelle that houses the DNA within the nucleus there are 46 chromosomes that contain DNA and genes
Lipid Bilayer
basic framework of the plasma membrane made up of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids
Transmembrane proteins
A type of integral protein that go through the membrane, extracellular fluid, and cytoplasm
Integral protein
extended into the lipid bilayer and are firmly imbedded in it
Peripheral proteins
are not firmly impeded into the membrane and are attached to membrane lipids or integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane
Glycoproteins
type of integral proteins, they have carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protrude into the extracellular fluid. carbohydrate portions of glycoproteins and glycolipids make up the glycocalyx
glycocalyx
acts as a cellular signature so other cells to recognize it. allows the cell to adhere to other cells to form tissue, and protects the cells from being damaged by enzymes in extracellular fluid
Channel proteins
allow lipid soluble molecules to come to and from the cell (like O2 and CO2)
Cytoplasm
all the cellular components between the membrane and nucleus. It has two components the cytosol and the organelle
Cytosol
is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm, also called intracellular fluid and it contains water, dissolved solutes, and suspended particles
Organelles
are within the cytosol and each have a different shape and function like the ribosomes and mitochondria
Centrosomes
organelles near the nucleus that are made of two components, a pair of centrioles and the pericentriolar matrix
Centrioles
cylindrical structures made of nine clusters and 3 microtubes
Pericentriolar matrix
surrounds the centrioles and is made of ring shaped complexes made of the protein tubulin. They are the organizing centers of the miotic spindle, and play a critical role in cell division and for microtubule formation in non dividing cells
Ribosomes
made in the nucleolus
Attached ribosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum make proteins to specific organelles, or to move things from and to the lipid bilayer
Free ribosomes make proteins to be used inside the cell (like enzymes)
They are made of a small and large subunits, and work together as one unit
Rough endoplasmic Reticulum
processes proteins and attached proteins to carbohydrates making glycoproteins
Smooth endoplasmic Reticulum
makes fatty acids and steroids(estrogen, testosterone) ,detoxifies soluble drugs and alcohol (in liver), releases calcium ions for muscle cell contraction
Golgi Complex
Modifies, sorts, transports proteins made from rough endoplasmic reticulum. Its a “post office”
Lysosomes
have enzymes to break down molecules. It can take down broken parts of the cell or even the entire organelle, this is called autophagy. When it leads to cell death, it is called autolysis. Apoptosis
Phagocytosis
the process of a lysosome killing a bacteria by using enzymes to destroy it
Peroxisome
Oxidizes amino acids and fatty acids, detoxifies harmful substances such as hydrogen peroxide
Proteasome
tiny barrels that contain proteases (an enzyme) they metabolize proteins that have done their job
Mitochondria
produces most of the ATP. they are made up of two layers of membrane, the internal and external mitochondrial membrane. It also helps with apoptosis (the orderly process of cell death). Can self replicate when more are needed in a cell
mitochondrial cristae
The internal mitochondria membrane has a series of folds that form the mitochondrial cristae whose folds dramatically increase surface area that helps for cellular respiration.
Cytoskeleton
Is made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules. gives shape
Microfilaments
are made of actin, help generate movement and support. They have microvilli that extend outward and help give support as well
Intermediate filaments
stronger and more present in mechanical stress and stabilize organelle position
Microtubules
are made mainly of tubulin, moves organelles, secretory vesicles, chromosomes, and flagella
Cilia
numerous hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell. And together can move fluid across the cells surface.
Flagella
the tail of the sperm
The Nucleus
surrounded by the nuclear envelope and carries chromatin, made of nucleosomes that made of histones where DNA is warped
Interphase
state of high metabolic activity where the cell does most of its growing
Interphase consists of 3 phases G1, S, G2
G1 phase
cells duplicates most of their organelles but not its DNA
S phase
centrosomes, structures that build mitotic spindles, are replicated during the S phase and DNA is replicated
G2
cell growth continues and proteins are made
Mitotic phase
The part where two separate cells are made, the basis of tissue growth and regen,
There are two processes involved in the mitotic phase the Mitosis phase that makes two nuclei and the Cytokinesis phase that makes two cells
Prophase
2nd has after interphase. Chromatin fibers condense into paired sister chromatids. Each centrosome moves to an opposite side of the cell and the mitotic spindle appears
Metaphase
3rd phase. Centrometers of chromatid pairs line up at the equatorial plane
Anaphase
4th Centromeres split, sister chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell. A contractile ring separates the membranes and cytoplasm
Telophase
They are now completely separated with their own nucleolus, mitotic spindles appear
Meiotic
Like mitotic, meiotic has a meiosis process and cytokinesis process
It has another meiosis division however, and no interphase in between
