Ch.1 Chemistry and Misc. Flashcards
Electrons
surround the nucleus and are in orbitals or shells. First shell holds 2, then 2nd and third can have up to 8
valence electrons
The outermost electrons
octet rule
The process of losing or gaining of valence electrons through chemical reactions to achieve 8 valence electrons
Atomic Number
Number of protons an atom has, and typically electrons
Atomic mass
sum of the number of protons and neutrons
isotope form atom
an atom that has different number of neutrons, but because it has the same number of protons it has the same atomic number
Molecule
Two or more atoms that are sharing electrons
Compound
Molecule made of different atoms
free radical
An unpaired valence electron in an atom, molecule, or compound
Chemical bond
Made through the interactions of valence electrons
Ionic bonds
When atoms lose or gain electrons they acquire a charge. These charged particles are called ions. And when they attracted a negatively charged ion they make a ionic bond
Covalent bonds
Formed when atoms bond to follow the octet rule
non polar covalent bonds
When electrons are shared equally there is no net charge on the atoms
polar covalent bonds
When electrons are shared unequally they may be a partial charge
Hydrogen bonds
bond where a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge bonds with another another atom with a partial negative charge (typically oxygen or nitrogen)
Organic compounds and the 4 biomolecules
They usually form long chains or carbon atoms. Our body has four important organic compound known as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
constitute 2-3% of body mass and provide energy in the form of ATP
Disorder
any abnormality of structure or function
Disease
illness characterized by a set of symptoms where body functions/struces are altered
Symptom
Subjective change in body function that can’t be seen by an observer (headache , anxiety)
Sign
objective change in body function that can be seen by an observer. If its anatomical it’s a lesion (tissue damage caused by pathogens/disease) like a tumor or wart. If it’s physiological it can be fever, hypertension,
Systemic disease
affects entire body or multiple parts of it
Local disease
affects one part or region of the body
Epidemiology
study of diseases and how they’re transmitted
Pharmacology
science of using drugs to treat disease
Diagnosis
distinguishing a disease or disorder from another. Doctors use chief complaint, history of present illness, past medical problems, family medical problems, laboratory tests, symptom and sign review, physical examination
Cations
Positive ions formed by losing electrons
Anions
Negative ions formed by electron gain
pH
expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid and higher values more alkaline
Acid
pH lower than 7. It gives protons and accepts electrons. Tastes sour.
Base
pH higher than 7. it accepts protons and donates electrons. Tastes bitter.
buffer
a weak acid and its conjugate base solution whose pH changes very slightly when an acid or base is added to it.
