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Sonography > Ch.15 Physics: Displays and Image Processing > Flashcards

Ch.15 Physics: Displays and Image Processing Flashcards

1
Q

_________ is essential because what we see ultimately determines what we conclude.

A

Display monitor

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2
Q

_________ images are only black and white, High contrast, Narrow dynamic range and Poor contrast resolution

A

Bistable

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3
Q

_________ shows multiple levels of brightness, Low contrast,
Wide dynamic range, and Good contrast resolution

A

Gray scale

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4
Q

What Determines the range of brilliancies within the image, has High contrast results in bistable and Low contrast contains many shades of grey?

A

Contrast

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5
Q

Determines the brilliance of the displayed image

A

Brightness

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6
Q

Grayscale imaging is made possible by using a __________.

A

Scan converter

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7
Q

What first stores ultrasound information (write) and then displays it on the monitor (read)?

A

Scan converter

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8
Q

How is Ultrasound information obtained?

A

from pulses in a spoke pattern

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9
Q

What are numbers that are real world numbers and May contain an unlimited and continuous range of values?

Ex: a person’s weight or length of an object

A

Analog

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10
Q

What are numbers that are associated with computer devices and Only have discrete values?

Ex: could be a person’s weight on a digital scale only representing whole pounds

A

Digital

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11
Q

First type used to create gray scale images

A

analog scan converters

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12
Q

A funnel shaped vacuum tube with an electron gun located within its smaller end and Each electron stored is read to retrieve the image information.

A

Analog scan converter

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13
Q

The __________ (image detail) of an analog scan converter is excellent because of the larger number of storage elements

A

spatial resolution

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14
Q

What are the Limitations of analog converters?

A

Image fade

Image flicker

Instability

Deterioration

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15
Q

Computer technology converts images into numbers through digitizing and The image is stored in computer memory as a series of 0’s and 1’s

A

Digital scan converter

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16
Q

What are the Two important elements of digital scan converters?

A

pixel

bits

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17
Q

What are the Advantages of digital converters?

A

Uniformity

Stability

Durability

Speed

Accuracy

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18
Q

the smallest building block of a digital picture and derived from the term picture element

A

Pixel

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19
Q

the number of pixels per inch of an image

A

Pixel density

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20
Q

__________ = higher pixel density = improved spatial resolution = better image detail

A

smaller pixels

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21
Q

_________ = Low pixel density = lower spatial resolution = poor image detail

A

Larger pixels

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22
Q

smallest amount of computer memory and Comes from the term binary digit

A

Bit

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23
Q

What is a group of bits and is a Series of zeroes and ones.

A

Binary numbers

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24
Q

____________ = more shades of gray = improved contrast resolution

A

More bits per pixel

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25
____________ = fewer shades of gray = degraded contrast resolution
fewer bits per pixel
26
is a group of eight bits of computer memory
byte
27
_____ of computer memory consists of two bytes, or 16 bits
word
28
How do you calculate the shades of gray?
By multiplying the number 2 itself with however many bits. how many shades of gray can be displayed with 5 bits of memory? 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 32 shades of gray (max)
29
is the manipulation of image data before it is stored in the scan converter
Preprocessing
30
is the manipulation of image data after storage in the scan converter
Postprocessing
31
Preprocessing is changing the .....?
write magnification
32
Postprocessing is altering the .....?
read magnification
33
What is performed on live images during real-time scanning? Preprocessing or postprocessing
preprocessing
34
What Consists of any change after freeze frame such as Black/White Inversion and 3D Rendering? preprocessing or postprocessing
Postprocessing
35
Also called zoom, the sonographer can improve visualization of anatomic detail by enlarging a portion of an image.
Magnification
36
The selected part of the image is known as the .....?
region of interest (ROI)
37
What are the two different forms of magnification?
Write magnification - preprocessing read maginification - postprocessing
38
Applied during data acquisition, before the image data has been stored in the scan converter.
Write magnification
39
Zooming in on a ROI after the image data has been stored in the scan converter.
Read magnification
40
What creates a very long sound pulse with a wide range of frequencies?
Coded excitation
41
What are the benefits of coded excitation?
Higher signal-to-noise ration Improved axial, spatial, and contrast resolution Deeper penetration
42
A method of using sonographic information from several different imaging angles to produce a single image.
Spatial compounding
43
True or false: Spatial compounding is available to all transducers.
False only with phased array transducers
44
What is one benefit of spatial compounding?
the reduction of angle-dependent artifacts (speckle, granular appearance, and shadowing).
45
What divides the reflected signal into different groups based on frequency? Each of these groups is added together reducing the overall noise level.
Frequency compounding
46
An image processing method that makes pictures look sharper by the computer identifying and emphasizes sharp edge boundaries between two media with different gray scale levels.
Edge enhancement
47
Defines the boundary between two different tissues and It accomplishes this by increasing the contrast at the interface of different tissues.
Edge enhancement
48
Also known as persistence, or temporal averaging and this technique continues to display information from older images.
Temporal compounding
49
For temporal compounding, how is a smoother image produced?
Reduced noise Higher signal-to-noise ratio Improved image quality
50
How is temporal compounding most effective with slow moving structures?
the primary limitation of persistence is reduced temporal resolution.
51
What uses a program to predict and display missing data (shades of gray) between scan lines based on neighboring pixels?
Fill in interpolation
52
Fill in interpolation is a form of what?
preprocessing
53
A technique that produces images called elastograms, based on tissue deformity when force is applied. It identifies tissues of different stiffness through ultrasonic palpation, what is this?
Elastography
54
This estimates tissue stiffness
Elastogrpahy
55
What creates the tissue deformation on the ultrasound?
Force of the sound beam
56
True or false: Elastogrpahy can be combined with grayscale images and Doppler to add to the diagnostic value of the exam. (benign vs. malignant tumor)
True
57
True or false: Elastography can be combined with color doppler.
True
58
What are the meanings of the color scale for tissue stiffness? Red Green/yellow Blue
Red- Very stiff Green/yellow- intermediate Blue- Low stiffness
59
The digital archiving system that stores diagnostic images and medical information.
PACS -Picture Archiving and Communications System
60
Capable of electronically transmitting images and reports remotely
PACS
61
“Set of rules” that allows imaging system components to communicate with a network.
DICOM
62
When an ultrasound system adheres to DICOM standards, it can connect to a __________ medical information network.
PACS
63
Sharing, managing, and distributing images among many manufactures is simplified by the acceptance of________ standards.
DICOM

Sonography (39 decks)

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