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Sonography > Ch.15 Physics: Displays and Image Processing > Flashcards

Ch.15 Physics: Displays and Image Processing Flashcards

1
Q

_________ is essential because what we see ultimately determines what we conclude.

A

Display monitor

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2
Q

_________ images are only black and white, High contrast, Narrow dynamic range and Poor contrast resolution

A

Bistable

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3
Q

_________ shows multiple levels of brightness, Low contrast,
Wide dynamic range, and Good contrast resolution

A

Gray scale

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4
Q

What Determines the range of brilliancies within the image, has High contrast results in bistable and Low contrast contains many shades of grey?

A

Contrast

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5
Q

Determines the brilliance of the displayed image

A

Brightness

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6
Q

Grayscale imaging is made possible by using a __________.

A

Scan converter

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7
Q

What first stores ultrasound information (write) and then displays it on the monitor (read)?

A

Scan converter

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8
Q

How is Ultrasound information obtained?

A

from pulses in a spoke pattern

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9
Q

What are numbers that are real world numbers and May contain an unlimited and continuous range of values?

Ex: a person’s weight or length of an object

A

Analog

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10
Q

What are numbers that are associated with computer devices and Only have discrete values?

Ex: could be a person’s weight on a digital scale only representing whole pounds

A

Digital

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11
Q

First type used to create gray scale images

A

analog scan converters

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12
Q

A funnel shaped vacuum tube with an electron gun located within its smaller end and Each electron stored is read to retrieve the image information.

A

Analog scan converter

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13
Q

The __________ (image detail) of an analog scan converter is excellent because of the larger number of storage elements

A

spatial resolution

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14
Q

What are the Limitations of analog converters?

A

Image fade

Image flicker

Instability

Deterioration

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15
Q

Computer technology converts images into numbers through digitizing and The image is stored in computer memory as a series of 0’s and 1’s

A

Digital scan converter

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16
Q

What are the Two important elements of digital scan converters?

A

pixel

bits

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17
Q

What are the Advantages of digital converters?

A

Uniformity

Stability

Durability

Speed

Accuracy

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18
Q

the smallest building block of a digital picture and derived from the term picture element

A

Pixel

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19
Q

the number of pixels per inch of an image

A

Pixel density

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20
Q

__________ = higher pixel density = improved spatial resolution = better image detail

A

smaller pixels

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21
Q

_________ = Low pixel density = lower spatial resolution = poor image detail

A

Larger pixels

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22
Q

smallest amount of computer memory and Comes from the term binary digit

A

Bit

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23
Q

What is a group of bits and is a Series of zeroes and ones.

A

Binary numbers

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24
Q

____________ = more shades of gray = improved contrast resolution

A

More bits per pixel

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25
Q

____________ = fewer shades of gray = degraded contrast resolution

A

fewer bits per pixel

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26
Q

is a group of eight bits of computer memory

A

byte

27
Q

_____ of computer memory consists of two bytes, or 16 bits

A

word

28
Q

How do you calculate the shades of gray?

A

By multiplying the number 2 itself with however many bits.

how many shades of gray can be displayed with 5 bits of memory?
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 32 shades of gray (max)

29
Q

is the manipulation of image data before it is stored in the scan converter

A

Preprocessing

30
Q

is the manipulation of image data after storage in the scan converter

A

Postprocessing

31
Q

Preprocessing is changing the …..?

A

write magnification

32
Q

Postprocessing is altering the …..?

A

read magnification

33
Q

What is performed on live images during real-time scanning?

Preprocessing or postprocessing

A

preprocessing

34
Q

What Consists of any change after freeze frame such as Black/White Inversion and 3D Rendering?

preprocessing or postprocessing

A

Postprocessing

35
Q

Also called zoom, the sonographer can improve visualization of anatomic detail by enlarging a portion of an image.

A

Magnification

36
Q

The selected part of the image is known as the …..?

A

region of interest (ROI)

37
Q

What are the two different forms of magnification?

A

Write magnification - preprocessing

read maginification - postprocessing

38
Q

Applied during data acquisition, before the image data
has been stored in the scan converter.

A

Write magnification

39
Q

Zooming in on a ROI after the image data has been stored
in the scan converter.

A

Read magnification

40
Q

What creates a very long sound pulse with a wide range of frequencies?

A

Coded excitation

41
Q

What are the benefits of coded excitation?

A

Higher signal-to-noise ration

Improved axial, spatial, and contrast resolution

Deeper penetration

42
Q

A method of using sonographic information from several different imaging angles to produce a single image.

A

Spatial compounding

43
Q

True or false:
Spatial compounding is available to all transducers.

A

False
only with phased array transducers

44
Q

What is one benefit of spatial compounding?

A

the reduction of angle-dependent artifacts (speckle, granular appearance, and shadowing).

45
Q

What divides the reflected signal into different groups based on frequency? Each of these groups is added together reducing the overall noise level.

A

Frequency compounding

46
Q

An image processing method that makes pictures look sharper by the computer identifying and emphasizes sharp edge boundaries between two media with different gray scale levels.

A

Edge enhancement

47
Q

Defines the boundary between two different tissues and It accomplishes this by increasing the contrast at the interface of different tissues.

A

Edge enhancement

48
Q

Also known as persistence, or temporal averaging and this technique continues to display information from older images.

A

Temporal compounding

49
Q

For temporal compounding, how is a smoother image produced?

A

Reduced noise

Higher signal-to-noise ratio

Improved image quality

50
Q

How is temporal compounding most effective with slow moving structures?

A

the primary limitation of persistence is reduced temporal resolution.

51
Q

What uses a program to predict and display missing data (shades of gray) between scan lines based on neighboring pixels?

A

Fill in interpolation

52
Q

Fill in interpolation is a form of what?

A

preprocessing

53
Q

A technique that produces images called elastograms, based on tissue deformity when force is applied. It identifies tissues of different stiffness through ultrasonic palpation, what is this?

A

Elastography

54
Q

This estimates tissue stiffness

A

Elastogrpahy

55
Q

What creates the tissue deformation on the ultrasound?

A

Force of the sound beam

56
Q

True or false:
Elastogrpahy can be combined with grayscale images and Doppler to add to the diagnostic value of the exam.

(benign vs. malignant tumor)

A

True

57
Q

True or false:
Elastography can be combined with color doppler.

A

True

58
Q

What are the meanings of the color scale for tissue stiffness?

Red

Green/yellow

Blue

A

Red- Very stiff

Green/yellow- intermediate

Blue- Low stiffness

59
Q

The digital archiving system that stores diagnostic images and medical information.

A

PACS -Picture Archiving and Communications System

60
Q

Capable of electronically transmitting images and reports remotely

A

PACS

61
Q

“Set of rules” that allows imaging system components to communicate with a network.

A

DICOM

62
Q

When an ultrasound system adheres to DICOM standards, it can connect to a __________ medical information network.

A

PACS

63
Q

Sharing, managing, and distributing images among many manufactures is simplified by the acceptance of________ standards.

A

DICOM

Sonography (39 decks)

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