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Sonography > Ch. 18 Physics: Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Ch. 18 Physics: Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

THE STUDY OF BLOOD MOVING THROUGH THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

A

Hemodynamics

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2
Q

Volume of blood at a particular time

A

Flow (volume flow rate)

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3
Q

Speed of fluid from one location to another

A

Velocity

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4
Q

How is flow rate measured?

A

volume/time

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5
Q

How is velocity measured?

A

distance/ time

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6
Q

Looking at the monitor what the is peak velocity abreviation?

A

PS

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7
Q

Looking at the monitor what is the velocity flow rate located?

A

Bottom where it says VolFlow

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8
Q

What are the 3 type of flow?

A

Pulsatile

Phasic

Steady

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9
Q

What is pulsatile flow rate?

A

Variable velocity

Changes with cardiac contractions

Usually, arterial

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10
Q

What is phasic flow rate?

A

ariable velocity

Changes with respiration

Usually, venous

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11
Q

What is steady flow rate?

A

Constant velocity

Often in venous flow when holding respiration

(or upstream obstruction)

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12
Q

The way blood flows through vessels can be described as _________ or __________

A

laminar or turbulent.

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13
Q

predicts whether flow is laminar or turbulent.

A

Reynolds number

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14
Q

“Silent flow”, Flow streamlines are aligned and parallel, and Layers of blood in a vessel travel at individual speeds all describe what?

A

Laminar flow

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15
Q

What are the 2 forms of laminar flow?

A

PLUG FLOW

PARABOLIC FLOW

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16
Q

What is plug flow?

A

all layers travel at the same speed

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17
Q

What is parabolic flow?

A

highest velocities in the center, decreases closer to the vessel wall

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18
Q

Chaotic flow pattern traveling in many different directions and speeds, Eddy current (vortex) – hurricane-like, swirling, rotational patterns, Often associated with pathology, is all describing what kind of flow?

A

Turbulent

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19
Q

Which flow converts flow energy into sound and vibrational energy?

A

Turbulent

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20
Q

When turbulent flow is present how is the sound described? how is the vibration described?

A

bruit

thrill

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21
Q

What is it called Blood moves from higher energy to lower energy and Energy is imparted onto the blood stream by the left ventricle?

A

Energy gradient

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22
Q

What are the 3 different forms of blood energy?

A

Kinetic

pressure

gravitational

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23
Q

What is it called when all 3 forms of blood energy are combined?

A

Total energy

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24
Q

True or false:
Energy gradient Cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.

A

true

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25
MOVING OBJECTS and DETERMINED BY MASS and SPEED describes what kind of blood enery?
Kinetic
26
STORED (POTENTIAL) ENERGY, ABILITY TO PERFORM WORK, MAJOR FORM OF ENERGY FOR BLOOD CIRCULATION, all describes what kind of blood energy?
Pressure
27
STORED (POTENTIAL) ENERGY, ASSOCIATED WITH ANY ELEVATED OBJECT, IDENTICAL OBJECTS AT THE SAME HEIGHT HAVE THE SAME GRAVITATIONAL ENERGY, all describes what kind of blood energy?
Gravitational
28
What is another term when we say that energy is lost?
transferred
29
What are the 3 ways energy is lost?
Viscous Frictional Intertial
30
THICKNESS OF FLUID (HONEY VS WATER) and is Measured in units of Poise
Viscosity
31
Amount of energy loss in blood is measured by
hematocrit
32
What is hematocrit?
% of blood made up of RBC’s
33
True or false: MORE ENERGY IS LOST WITH HIGH VISCOSITY LIQUIDS
True
34
FLOW ENERGY IS CONVERTED TO HEAT AS OBJECTS RUB AGAINST EACH OTHER is what kind of loss of energy?
Frictional
35
ENERGY IS LOST WHEN SPEED CHANGES and OCCURS DURING 3 EVENTS; PULSATILE FLOW, PHASIC FLOW, STENOSIS, describes what kind of loss of energy?
intertial
36
NARROWING IN THE LUMEN OF A VESSEL
stenosis
37
How does stenosis affect blood flow?
CHANGES IN DIRECTION INCREASED VELOCITY WITHIN STENOSIS (HIGHEST WHERE NARROWEST) POST-STENOTIC TURBULENCE
38
What kind of currents fill the vessel when the lumen expands after stenosis?
Eddy
39
High pressure pre-stenosis, low pressure post-stenosis, describes what?
pressure gradient across stenosis
40
Where is velocity highest in stenosis?
At the most narrow segment
41
Where is turbulent blood flow seen in stenosis?
Distal to the narrowing
42
What happens post stenosis?
loss of pulsatility
43
DESCRIBES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VELOCITY AND PRESSURE IN A MOVING FLUID and IS DERIVED FROM THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
44
AS PRESSURE ___________, VELOCITY DECREASES
INCREASES they are inversely related
45
what is the formula for when THE PRESSURE GRADIENT INCREASES IF FLOW OR RESISTANCE INCREASES?
PRESSURE GRADIENT = FLOW (Q) X RESISTANCE (R)
46
What is the formula for when THE FLOW INCREASES WHEN THE PRESSURE GRADIENT INCREASES OR RESISTANCE DECREASES?
FLOW (Q) = PRESSURE GRADIENT/ RESISTANCE (R)
47
RESISTANCE INCREASES WITH
THE LENGTH OF THE TUBE VISCOSITY
48
RESISTANCE DECREASES WITH:
DECREASED RADIUS
49
DESCRIBES THE WAY ELECTRICITY FLOWS THROUGH A WIRE. SIMILAR TO HOW BLOOD FLOWS THROUGH A VESSEL
Ohm's law
50
OHM’S LAW STATES THAT:
VOLTAGE = CURRENT X RESISTANCE (PRESSURE = FLOW X RESISTANCE)
51
VEINS HAVE THIN, COLLAPSIBLE WALLS THAT CHANGE SHAPE WITH __________.
PRESSURE
52
In venous hemodynamics, IN A LOW-PRESSURE SETTING, THE WALLS WILL ____________.
collapase
53
In venous hemodynamics, IN A HIGH-PRESSURE SETTING, THE WALLS WILL _________.
expand
54
DURING EXERCISE, THE VEINS EXPAND creating what?
LOWER RESISTANCE AND INCREASE IN VESSEL DIAMETER
55
INCREASE IN VESSEL DIAMETER means what?
INCREASE IN FLOW TOWARD THE HEART
56
what is the formula for hydrostatic pressure?
Hydrostatic pressure (P)= height (h) x gravity (g) x density of blood (p)
57
PRESSURE RELATED TO THE WEIGHT OF BLOOD PRESSING ON A VESSEL, MEASURED AT A HEIGHT ABOVE OR BELOW THE HEART
Hydrostatic pressure
58
BLOOD PRESSURE IS ACCURATELY ASSESSED AT THE LEVEL OF THE ___________.
heart
59
what is the measurements of hydrostatic pressure?
units of mmHg
60
What is the level of hydrostatic pressure at heart level?
0
61
True or false: If the body is in supine position, hydrostatic pressure will be 0 through out the body regardless of where it is taken.
True
62
If the patient is standing, hydrostatic pressure below the heart is what? positive or negative?
Positive, it will be higher than actual circulatory pressure
63
If the patient is standing, hydrostatic pressure above the heart is what? positive or negative?
Negative, it will be lower than actual circulatory pressure
64
Venous flow is affected by
respiration
65
What are the two reasons venous flow is affected by respiration?
Venous system is low pressure Muscles responsible for respiration (diaphragm) alter pressures in the thorax and the abdomen
66
Two venous flows affected by respiration
Venous flow in the legs Venous flow returning to the heart from the head, arms, and IVC
67
Decreased thoracic pressure Increased upper extremity venous flow Increased abdominal pressure Decreased lower extremity flow This describes inspiration or expiration in venous hemodynamics?
Inspiration
68
Increased thoracic pressure Decreased upper extremity venous flow Decreased abdominal pressure Increased lower extremity flow This describes inspiration or expiration in venous hemodynamics?
Expiration

Sonography (39 decks)

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