Ch.13 The Molecular Basis Of Inhertance Flashcards
A change in the genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA of a cell
Transformation
Bacteria eaters
Bacteriophages, phages
DNA or RNA enclosed by Protein
Virus
Copy of DNA
DNA replication
Unwinds parental double helix at replication forks
Helicase
Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it can be used as a template
Single-strand binding protein
Relieves “ overwinding” strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
Topoisomerase
Synthesis and RNA primer at 5’ end of leading strand and at 5’ end of each Okazaki fragment of lagging strand
Primase
Using parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by covalently adding nucleotides to 3’ end of a preexisting DNA strand of RNA primer
DNA pol III
Removes RNA nucleotides of a primer from 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides
DNA pol I
Joins 3’ end of DNA that replaces primer to rest of leading strand and joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand
DNA ligase
Since the subunits of a double helix run in the opposite direction, it is…
Antiparallel
Adenine and guanines are…
They are nitrogen bases with….
Purines
Two rings
Cytosine and Thymine are..
They are nitrogen bases that have only….
Pyrimidines
Single ring
What two scientist built the double-helical model for the 3D structure of DNA
James Watson and Francis Crick
Model of replication that has one old strand from parent molecule and one newly made strand in each two daughter molecules
Semiconservative model
Where the replication of DNA molecules begins
Origins of replication
Y- shaped region where parental strands of DNA are being unwound
Replication fork
Enzymes that untwist the double helix at replication forks
Helicase
Bind to the unpaired DNA strands, keeping them from repairing
Single - strand binding proteins
Helps relieve this strain by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
Topoisomerase
RNA chain
Primer
A primer is synthesis by the enzyme…
Primase
Enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain
DNA polymerase
Which DNA pol adds nucleotides to the RNA primer and then continues adding DNA nucleotides, complementary to the parental DNA template strand, to the end of the new DNA strand
DNA pol III
DNA polymerase catalyze the addition of a nucleotide to the 3’ end of a growing DNA strand, with the release of … X
Pyro phosphate / two phosphates
What DNA strand is made from DNA pol III in the replication fork on that template strand and continuously adds nucleotides to the new complementary strand as the fork progresses
Leading strand
The DNA strand that is made when DNA pol III must work along the other template strand in the direction away from the replication fork
Lagging strand
The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously as a series of segments called…
Okazaki fragments
Joins the sugar phosphate backbone of all Okazaki fragments into a continuous dab strand
DNA ligase
Enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides resulting from replication errors
Mismatch repair
DNA cutting enzyme
Nuclease
Nuclease, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase are all involved in
Nucleotide excision repair
An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells to restore their original length
Telomerase
Irregular clumps, compaction of chromatin
Heterochromatin
Less compacted, more dispersed chromatin
Euchromatin
Proteins that are responsible for first level of DNA packing in chromatin.
Histones
The base pairing of one strand of Nucleic acid to a complementary sequence on another strand
Nucleic acid hybridization
The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
Genetic engineering
Small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome
Plasmids
A DNA molecule formed when segments of DNA from two different sources combined in vitro
Recombinant DNA
Production of multiple copies of a single gene
Gene cloning
Enzymes that cut DNA molecules at a limited # of specific locations
Restriction enzymes
A particular short DNA sequence that restriction enzymes cut within
Restriction site
Many cuts from a restriction enzyme in a DNA molecule
Restriction fragments
What researchers use to see the restriction fragments
Gel electrophoresis
The resulting double stranded restriction fragments have one at least one single stranded end called
Sticky end
A DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there
Cloning vector
A three step cycle that brings about A chain reaction that produces an exceptionally growing population of identical DNA molecules
Polymerase chaih reaction (PCR)
Determining a gene’s complete nucleotide sequence off of the principle of complementary base pairing
DNA sequencing
