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AP Bio > Ch.13 The Molecular Basis Of Inhertance > Flashcards

Ch.13 The Molecular Basis Of Inhertance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A change in the genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA of a cell

A

Transformation

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2
Q

Bacteria eaters

A

Bacteriophages, phages

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3
Q

DNA or RNA enclosed by Protein

A

Virus

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4
Q

Copy of DNA

A

DNA replication

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5
Q

Unwinds parental double helix at replication forks

A

Helicase

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6
Q

Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it can be used as a template

A

Single-strand binding protein

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7
Q

Relieves “ overwinding” strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

A

Topoisomerase

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8
Q

Synthesis and RNA primer at 5’ end of leading strand and at 5’ end of each Okazaki fragment of lagging strand

A

Primase

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9
Q

Using parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by covalently adding nucleotides to 3’ end of a preexisting DNA strand of RNA primer

A

DNA pol III

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10
Q

Removes RNA nucleotides of a primer from 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides

A

DNA pol I

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11
Q

Joins 3’ end of DNA that replaces primer to rest of leading strand and joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand

A

DNA ligase

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12
Q

Since the subunits of a double helix run in the opposite direction, it is…

A

Antiparallel

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13
Q

Adenine and guanines are…

They are nitrogen bases with….

A

Purines

Two rings

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14
Q

Cytosine and Thymine are..

They are nitrogen bases that have only….

A

Pyrimidines

Single ring

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15
Q

What two scientist built the double-helical model for the 3D structure of DNA

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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16
Q

Model of replication that has one old strand from parent molecule and one newly made strand in each two daughter molecules

A

Semiconservative model

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17
Q

Where the replication of DNA molecules begins

A

Origins of replication

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18
Q

Y- shaped region where parental strands of DNA are being unwound

A

Replication fork

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19
Q

Enzymes that untwist the double helix at replication forks

A

Helicase

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20
Q

Bind to the unpaired DNA strands, keeping them from repairing

A

Single - strand binding proteins

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21
Q

Helps relieve this strain by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

A

Topoisomerase

22
Q

RNA chain

A

Primer

23
Q

A primer is synthesis by the enzyme…

A

Primase

24
Q

Enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain

A

DNA polymerase

25
Q

Which DNA pol adds nucleotides to the RNA primer and then continues adding DNA nucleotides, complementary to the parental DNA template strand, to the end of the new DNA strand

A

DNA pol III

26
Q

DNA polymerase catalyze the addition of a nucleotide to the 3’ end of a growing DNA strand, with the release of … X

A

Pyro phosphate / two phosphates

27
Q

What DNA strand is made from DNA pol III in the replication fork on that template strand and continuously adds nucleotides to the new complementary strand as the fork progresses

A

Leading strand

28
Q

The DNA strand that is made when DNA pol III must work along the other template strand in the direction away from the replication fork

A

Lagging strand

29
Q

The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously as a series of segments called…

A

Okazaki fragments

30
Q

Joins the sugar phosphate backbone of all Okazaki fragments into a continuous dab strand

A

DNA ligase

31
Q

Enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides resulting from replication errors

A

Mismatch repair

32
Q

DNA cutting enzyme

A

Nuclease

33
Q

Nuclease, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase are all involved in

A

Nucleotide excision repair

34
Q

An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells to restore their original length

A

Telomerase

35
Q

Irregular clumps, compaction of chromatin

A

Heterochromatin

36
Q

Less compacted, more dispersed chromatin

A

Euchromatin

37
Q

Proteins that are responsible for first level of DNA packing in chromatin.

A

Histones

38
Q

The base pairing of one strand of Nucleic acid to a complementary sequence on another strand

A

Nucleic acid hybridization

39
Q

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

A

Genetic engineering

40
Q

Small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome

A

Plasmids

41
Q

A DNA molecule formed when segments of DNA from two different sources combined in vitro

A

Recombinant DNA

42
Q

Production of multiple copies of a single gene

A

Gene cloning

43
Q

Enzymes that cut DNA molecules at a limited # of specific locations

A

Restriction enzymes

44
Q

A particular short DNA sequence that restriction enzymes cut within

A

Restriction site

45
Q

Many cuts from a restriction enzyme in a DNA molecule

A

Restriction fragments

46
Q

What researchers use to see the restriction fragments

A

Gel electrophoresis

47
Q

The resulting double stranded restriction fragments have one at least one single stranded end called

A

Sticky end

48
Q

A DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there

A

Cloning vector

49
Q

A three step cycle that brings about A chain reaction that produces an exceptionally growing population of identical DNA molecules

A

Polymerase chaih reaction (PCR)

50
Q

Determining a gene’s complete nucleotide sequence off of the principle of complementary base pairing

A

DNA sequencing

AP Bio (13 decks)

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