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AP Bio > Ch. 3 Carbon And The Molecular Diversity of Life > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Carbon And The Molecular Diversity of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleus acids

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2
Q

Valence

A

The number of covalent bonds an atom can form

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3
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

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4
Q

Hydroxyl group

A

-OH/ Compound name -alcohol
Ends in -ol
Ex. Ethanol

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5
Q

Carbonyl group

A

> C = O
Compound name-
Ketone- if carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton
Aldehyde- I the carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton
Ex. Acetone ( simplest ketone)/ propanal (aldehyde)

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6
Q

Carboxyl group

A
  • COOH
    Compound name - Carboxylic acid or Organic acid
    Ex. Acetic acid- sour vinegar
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7
Q

Amino group

A

-NH2
Compound name- Amine
Ex. Glycine

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8
Q

Sulfhydryl group

A

(-SH) Compound name- Thiol

Ex. Cysteine

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9
Q

Phosphate group

A

(-OPO3^2-) Compound name - organic phosphate

Ex. Glycerol phosphate

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10
Q

Methyl group

A

(-CH3) Compound name - methylated compound

Ex. 5- methyl cytosine

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11
Q

Functional groups

A

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons or organic molecules and involved in chemical reActions

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12
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate)
An adenine - containing nucleoside Triphosphate that releases free energy when it’s phosphate bonds are hydroylzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells

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13
Q

Organic compound

A

A compound containing carbon

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14
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds which have
the same molecular formula
but a different structural formula.

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15
Q

Three types of isomers

A

Structural - variation in covalent arrangement
Cis-trans - variations in arrangement about double bonds
Enantiomers - variation around asymmetric carbon molecules in mirror image

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16
Q

Polymer

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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17
Q

Monomers

A

The building blocks of polymers, smaller molecules

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18
Q

Enzymes

A

Specialized macromolecules ( usually proteins) that speed up chemical reactions

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19
Q

Dehydration reaction ( synthesis)

A

Two monomers covalently bonding to each other with the loss of a water molecule

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20
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The bond between the monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule

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21
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Include sugars and polymers of sugars

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22
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars, monomer of carbohydrates ( CH2O) Ex. Glucose, fructose

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23
Q

Disaccharide

A

Double sugars, 2 monosaccharides joined together by a covalent bond
Ex. Sucrose, lactose

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24
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers of carbohydrates, composed of many sugar building blocks joined by glycosidic linkages Ex. Starch ( plants); glycogen (animals)

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25
Glycosidic linkage
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
26
Starch
A polymer of glucose monomers, represents as stored energy for plants
27
Simple starch
Amylose
28
Complex starch
Amylopectin
29
Glycogen
A polymer of glucose; storage for animals
30
Cellulose
Major component of tough walls that enclose plant cells
31
Chitin
Carbohydrate used by Arthropods( insects spiders, crustacean a, and related animals) to build their exoskeleton (hard cases around the soft parts of these animals
32
Lipids
(C,H,O) One class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers, mix poorly with water
33
Functions of carbohydrates
Energy Raw materials Energy storage Structural compounds
34
Fats
Glycerol and fatty acids; large molecules assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration synthesis, hydrophobic, non-polar, energy storage, all H-C, cushion organs, insulates body
35
Fatty acids
Long carbon skeleton, carboxyl group and hydrogen chain
36
Ester linkage
A bond between a hydroxyl group and carboxyl group
37
Triacyglycerol
Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
38
Saturated fat
All C bounded to H; no carbon double bonds, long straight chain, most animal fats, solid at room temp.
39
Unsaturated fats
Has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double bounded carbon, plant and fish fat; liquid at room temp.
40
Phospholipids
Major constituents of cell membranes; glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO4(PO4 = negative charge) Hydrophilic heads = attracted to H2O Hydrophobic tails = hide from H2O
41
Micelle
Bubble
42
Steroids
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings Ex. Cholesterol and sex hormones
43
Cholesterol
Common component of animal cell membranes
44
Proteins
A biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled in specific 3D structure,Most structural and diverse group
45
Functions of proteins
``` Enzymes Structures Carriers and transport(hemoglobin) Cell communication Signals (insulin and hormones Receptors Defense (antibodies) Storage Movement ```
46
How many amino acids are there?
20
47
Amino acids
Organic molecule with Central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group,R group (side chain)
48
Building proteins
Peptide bonds - dehydration synthesis
49
N-terminus
NH2- amine
50
C-terminus
COOH end - carboxyl
51
1•
Primary - amino acid/ peptide bonds
52
2•
Secondary - r groups / h bonds
53
3•
Tertiary level- hydrophobic interactions Hydrogen and ionic bonds
54
4•
Quaternary level - multiple polypeptides hydrophobic reactions
55
Catalysts
Chemicals agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without be consumed by the reaction
56
Polymers of amino acids
Polypeptides
57
Denaturation
Ph, salt, concentration, temp. Or other aspects of the environment altering the weak chemical bonds and interactions within a lose native shape
58
Nuclei acids
Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides
59
Gene
Consist of DNA, the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programming by a discrete unit of inheritance
60
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid- double helix and provides direction [sugar = deoxyribose] ( adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)
61
Functions of Nuclei acids
Genetic materials Stores info ( blueprint for building proteins) Transfer info
62
Pyrimidine
One six - membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms Cytosine Thymine Uracil
63
Purines
Larger six- membered ring fused to a five- membered ring Adenine Guanine
64
RNA
Ribonucleic acid- single helix, [sugar = ribose] (adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil)
65
Nucleotides
``` Nitrogen base ( C-N ring) Pentose sugar ( 5- C) Phosphate group (PO4) ```
66
Nucleotides are joined by?
Phosphodiester linkage

AP Bio (13 decks)

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