Ch. 3 Carbon And The Molecular Diversity of Life Flashcards
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleus acids
Valence
The number of covalent bonds an atom can form
Hydrocarbons
Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
Hydroxyl group
-OH/ Compound name -alcohol
Ends in -ol
Ex. Ethanol
Carbonyl group
> C = O
Compound name-
Ketone- if carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton
Aldehyde- I the carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton
Ex. Acetone ( simplest ketone)/ propanal (aldehyde)
Carboxyl group
- COOH
Compound name - Carboxylic acid or Organic acid
Ex. Acetic acid- sour vinegar
Amino group
-NH2
Compound name- Amine
Ex. Glycine
Sulfhydryl group
(-SH) Compound name- Thiol
Ex. Cysteine
Phosphate group
(-OPO3^2-) Compound name - organic phosphate
Ex. Glycerol phosphate
Methyl group
(-CH3) Compound name - methylated compound
Ex. 5- methyl cytosine
Functional groups
A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons or organic molecules and involved in chemical reActions
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate)
An adenine - containing nucleoside Triphosphate that releases free energy when it’s phosphate bonds are hydroylzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells
Organic compound
A compound containing carbon
Isomers
Compounds which have
the same molecular formula
but a different structural formula.
Three types of isomers
Structural - variation in covalent arrangement
Cis-trans - variations in arrangement about double bonds
Enantiomers - variation around asymmetric carbon molecules in mirror image
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
Monomers
The building blocks of polymers, smaller molecules
Enzymes
Specialized macromolecules ( usually proteins) that speed up chemical reactions
Dehydration reaction ( synthesis)
Two monomers covalently bonding to each other with the loss of a water molecule
Hydrolysis
The bond between the monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule
Carbohydrates
Include sugars and polymers of sugars
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars, monomer of carbohydrates ( CH2O) Ex. Glucose, fructose
Disaccharide
Double sugars, 2 monosaccharides joined together by a covalent bond
Ex. Sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharides
Polymers of carbohydrates, composed of many sugar building blocks joined by glycosidic linkages Ex. Starch ( plants); glycogen (animals)
Glycosidic linkage
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
Starch
A polymer of glucose monomers, represents as stored energy for plants
Simple starch
Amylose
Complex starch
Amylopectin
Glycogen
A polymer of glucose; storage for animals
Cellulose
Major component of tough walls that enclose plant cells
Chitin
Carbohydrate used by Arthropods( insects spiders, crustacean a, and related animals) to build their exoskeleton (hard cases around the soft parts of these animals
Lipids
(C,H,O) One class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers, mix poorly with water
Functions of carbohydrates
Energy
Raw materials
Energy storage
Structural compounds
Fats
Glycerol and fatty acids; large molecules assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration synthesis, hydrophobic, non-polar, energy storage, all H-C, cushion organs, insulates body
Fatty acids
Long carbon skeleton, carboxyl group and hydrogen chain
Ester linkage
A bond between a hydroxyl group and carboxyl group
Triacyglycerol
Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
Saturated fat
All C bounded to H; no carbon double bonds, long straight chain, most animal fats, solid at room temp.
Unsaturated fats
Has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double bounded carbon, plant and fish fat; liquid at room temp.
Phospholipids
Major constituents of cell membranes; glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO4(PO4 = negative charge) Hydrophilic heads = attracted to H2O Hydrophobic tails = hide from H2O
Micelle
Bubble
Steroids
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings Ex. Cholesterol and sex hormones
Cholesterol
Common component of animal cell membranes
Proteins
A biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled in specific 3D structure,Most structural and diverse group
Functions of proteins
Enzymes Structures Carriers and transport(hemoglobin) Cell communication Signals (insulin and hormones Receptors Defense (antibodies) Storage Movement
How many amino acids are there?
20
Amino acids
Organic molecule with Central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group,R group (side chain)
Building proteins
Peptide bonds - dehydration synthesis
N-terminus
NH2- amine
C-terminus
COOH end - carboxyl
1•
Primary - amino acid/ peptide bonds
2•
Secondary - r groups / h bonds
3•
Tertiary level- hydrophobic interactions Hydrogen and ionic bonds
4•
Quaternary level - multiple polypeptides hydrophobic reactions
Catalysts
Chemicals agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without be consumed by the reaction
Polymers of amino acids
Polypeptides
Denaturation
Ph, salt, concentration, temp. Or other aspects of the environment altering the weak chemical bonds and interactions within a lose native shape
Nuclei acids
Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides
Gene
Consist of DNA, the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programming by a discrete unit of inheritance
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid- double helix and provides direction [sugar = deoxyribose] ( adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)
Functions of Nuclei acids
Genetic materials
Stores info ( blueprint for building proteins)
Transfer info
Pyrimidine
One six - membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
Purines
Larger six- membered ring fused to a five- membered ring
Adenine
Guanine
RNA
Ribonucleic acid- single helix, [sugar = ribose] (adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil)
Nucleotides
Nitrogen base ( C-N ring) Pentose sugar ( 5- C) Phosphate group (PO4)
Nucleotides are joined by?
Phosphodiester linkage
