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AP Bio > Ch. 3 Carbon And The Molecular Diversity of Life > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Carbon And The Molecular Diversity of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleus acids

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2
Q

Valence

A

The number of covalent bonds an atom can form

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3
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

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4
Q

Hydroxyl group

A

-OH/ Compound name -alcohol
Ends in -ol
Ex. Ethanol

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5
Q

Carbonyl group

A

> C = O
Compound name-
Ketone- if carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton
Aldehyde- I the carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton
Ex. Acetone ( simplest ketone)/ propanal (aldehyde)

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6
Q

Carboxyl group

A
  • COOH
    Compound name - Carboxylic acid or Organic acid
    Ex. Acetic acid- sour vinegar
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7
Q

Amino group

A

-NH2
Compound name- Amine
Ex. Glycine

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8
Q

Sulfhydryl group

A

(-SH) Compound name- Thiol

Ex. Cysteine

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9
Q

Phosphate group

A

(-OPO3^2-) Compound name - organic phosphate

Ex. Glycerol phosphate

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10
Q

Methyl group

A

(-CH3) Compound name - methylated compound

Ex. 5- methyl cytosine

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11
Q

Functional groups

A

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons or organic molecules and involved in chemical reActions

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12
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate)
An adenine - containing nucleoside Triphosphate that releases free energy when it’s phosphate bonds are hydroylzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells

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13
Q

Organic compound

A

A compound containing carbon

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14
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds which have
the same molecular formula
but a different structural formula.

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15
Q

Three types of isomers

A

Structural - variation in covalent arrangement
Cis-trans - variations in arrangement about double bonds
Enantiomers - variation around asymmetric carbon molecules in mirror image

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16
Q

Polymer

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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17
Q

Monomers

A

The building blocks of polymers, smaller molecules

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18
Q

Enzymes

A

Specialized macromolecules ( usually proteins) that speed up chemical reactions

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19
Q

Dehydration reaction ( synthesis)

A

Two monomers covalently bonding to each other with the loss of a water molecule

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20
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The bond between the monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule

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21
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Include sugars and polymers of sugars

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22
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars, monomer of carbohydrates ( CH2O) Ex. Glucose, fructose

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23
Q

Disaccharide

A

Double sugars, 2 monosaccharides joined together by a covalent bond
Ex. Sucrose, lactose

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24
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers of carbohydrates, composed of many sugar building blocks joined by glycosidic linkages Ex. Starch ( plants); glycogen (animals)

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25
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

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26
Q

Starch

A

A polymer of glucose monomers, represents as stored energy for plants

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27
Q

Simple starch

A

Amylose

28
Q

Complex starch

A

Amylopectin

29
Q

Glycogen

A

A polymer of glucose; storage for animals

30
Q

Cellulose

A

Major component of tough walls that enclose plant cells

31
Q

Chitin

A

Carbohydrate used by Arthropods( insects spiders, crustacean a, and related animals) to build their exoskeleton (hard cases around the soft parts of these animals

32
Q

Lipids

A

(C,H,O) One class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers, mix poorly with water

33
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A

Energy
Raw materials
Energy storage
Structural compounds

34
Q

Fats

A

Glycerol and fatty acids; large molecules assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration synthesis, hydrophobic, non-polar, energy storage, all H-C, cushion organs, insulates body

35
Q

Fatty acids

A

Long carbon skeleton, carboxyl group and hydrogen chain

36
Q

Ester linkage

A

A bond between a hydroxyl group and carboxyl group

37
Q

Triacyglycerol

A

Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

38
Q

Saturated fat

A

All C bounded to H; no carbon double bonds, long straight chain, most animal fats, solid at room temp.

39
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double bounded carbon, plant and fish fat; liquid at room temp.

40
Q

Phospholipids

A

Major constituents of cell membranes; glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO4(PO4 = negative charge) Hydrophilic heads = attracted to H2O Hydrophobic tails = hide from H2O

41
Q

Micelle

A

Bubble

42
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings Ex. Cholesterol and sex hormones

43
Q

Cholesterol

A

Common component of animal cell membranes

44
Q

Proteins

A

A biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled in specific 3D structure,Most structural and diverse group

45
Q

Functions of proteins

A 
Enzymes
Structures 
Carriers and transport(hemoglobin) 
Cell communication
Signals (insulin and hormones
Receptors 
Defense (antibodies)
Storage 
Movement
46
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

47
Q

Amino acids

A

Organic molecule with Central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group,R group (side chain)

48
Q

Building proteins

A

Peptide bonds - dehydration synthesis

49
Q

N-terminus

A

NH2- amine

50
Q

C-terminus

A

COOH end - carboxyl

51
Q

1•

A

Primary - amino acid/ peptide bonds

52
Q

2•

A

Secondary - r groups / h bonds

53
Q

3•

A

Tertiary level- hydrophobic interactions Hydrogen and ionic bonds

54
Q

4•

A

Quaternary level - multiple polypeptides hydrophobic reactions

55
Q

Catalysts

A

Chemicals agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without be consumed by the reaction

56
Q

Polymers of amino acids

A

Polypeptides

57
Q

Denaturation

A

Ph, salt, concentration, temp. Or other aspects of the environment altering the weak chemical bonds and interactions within a lose native shape

58
Q

Nuclei acids

A

Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides

59
Q

Gene

A

Consist of DNA, the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programming by a discrete unit of inheritance

60
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid- double helix and provides direction [sugar = deoxyribose] ( adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)

61
Q

Functions of Nuclei acids

A

Genetic materials
Stores info ( blueprint for building proteins)
Transfer info

62
Q

Pyrimidine

A

One six - membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

63
Q

Purines

A

Larger six- membered ring fused to a five- membered ring
Adenine
Guanine

64
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid- single helix, [sugar = ribose] (adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil)

65
Q

Nucleotides

A 
Nitrogen base ( C-N ring)
Pentose sugar ( 5- C) 
Phosphate group (PO4)
66
Q

Nucleotides are joined by?

A

Phosphodiester linkage

AP Bio (13 decks)

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