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AP Bio > Ch. 32 Homeostasis And Endocrine Signaling > Flashcards

Ch. 32 Homeostasis And Endocrine Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

Biological function

A

Physiology

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2
Q

Groups of cells with a similar appearance and a common function

A

Tissues

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3
Q

Different types of tissues are further organized into functional units

A

Organ

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4
Q

Groups of organs that work together provided an additional level of organization and coordination

A

Organ system

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5
Q

Function- food processing ( ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)

A

Digestive system

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6
Q

Function- Internal distribution of materials

A

Circulatory system

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7
Q

Function- Gas exchange ( uptake of oxygen; disposal of carbon dioxide)

A

Respiratory system

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8
Q

Function- Body defense( fighting infections and cancer)

A

Immune and lymphatic

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9
Q

Biological form

A

Anatomy

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10
Q

Disposal of metabolic wastes; regulation of osmotic balance of blood ( ex. Kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra)

A

Excretory system

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11
Q

Coordination of body activities such as digestion and metabolism (examples. Pituitary,thyroid,pancreas adrenal, and other hormone secreting glands)

A

Endocrine system

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12
Q

Reproduction (includes ovaries or testes and associated organs)

A

Reproductive system

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13
Q

Coordination of body activities; detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them (example brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs)

A

Nervous system

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14
Q

Protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration, thermoregulation ( example. Skin and it’s derivative such as hair, clause, skin glands)

A

Integumentary system

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15
Q

Body support, protection of internal organs, movement (example. Skeleton (Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage)

A

Skeletal system

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16
Q

Locomotion and other movement (skeletal muscles)

A

Muscular system

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17
Q

Closely packed cells covering the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities

A

Epithelial tissue

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18
Q

Lines the intestines secretes digestive juices and absorbs nutrients

A

Epithelium

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19
Q

Functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information

A

Nervous tissue

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20
Q

The basic unit of the nervous system, receives nerve impulses from other neurons Via it’s cell body and multiple extensions called dendrites

A

Neurons

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21
Q

Support cells of nervous tissue

A

Glial cells or glia

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22
Q

Vertebrates have three types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

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23
Q

Stranded muscle that is responsible for voluntary movements

A

Skeletal muscle

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24
Q

Lack striations and has spindle-shaped cells and found in the walls of many internal organs

A

Smooth muscle

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25
Striated like the skeletal muscle, forms to contractile wall of the heart
Cardiac muscle
26
Consist of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix often consisting of a web of fibers in bedded in the liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation
Connective tissue
27
An animal Uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation
Regulator
28
An animal that allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes
Conformer
29
The fluid that surrounds the body cells
Interstitial fluid
30
Steady-state
Homeostasis
31
At or near a particular value
Set point
32
Fluctuations in the Variable above or below the set point
Stimulus
33
Receptor
Sensor
34
A physiological activity that helps return the variable to the set point
Response
35
A control mechanism that reduces or damps the stimulus to return back to its set point
Negative feedback
36
The process which animals maintain an internal temperature within a normal range
Thermoregulation
37
humans and animals that generate heat through metabolism
Endothermic
38
Amphibians, many fishes and nonavain reptiles that game most of their heat from external sources
Ectothermic
39
The transfer of heat between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions
Countercurrent exchange
40
The region where the sensors for thermoregulation are concentrated in the brain
Hypothalamus
41
signaling molecules released into the bloodstream by endocrine cells are carried to all locations in the body with this system
Endocrine system
42
The system where the neurons transmit signals along dedicated routes connecting specific locations in the body
Nervous system
43
The signaling molecules broadcast throughout the body by the endocrine system
Hormones
44
A gland located behind the stomach
Pancreas
45
Has discrete anterior and posterior part, is signaled from the hypothalamus located at the base of it
Pituitary gland
46
Hormones that turn often regulate other endocrine glands
Anterior pituitary
47
An extension of hypothalamus, stores and releases two hormones synthesized by neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Oxytocin and ADH
Posterior pituitary
48
A hormone that regulates milk released during nursing in mammals as part of the Neuroendocrine pathway
Oxytocin
49
Hormones release from posterior pituitary
Hypothalamus
50
Participates in regulation of biological rhythms, and what gland
Melatonin, Pineal gland
51
Glucose
Blood sugar
52
When blood sugar rises receptors in the bodies since a change and intern the control center the pancreas secretes what?
Insulin
53
When blood sugar lowers his head is in a body since the change internal control center pancreas secretes what?
glucagon
54
The out of area of the kidney is called
The cortex
55
The in the area of the kidney
Renal medulla
56
Renal medulla is composed of what
Seven cone shaped renal pyramids with the tubes visible, making up a collection of nephrons
57
Renal pyramids merged to form what; In what part of the kidney
Renal pelvis at the center of the kidney
58
Where does urine and collectand where does it drain into (two answers)
The renal pelvis is where collects; and drains in the ureter
59
Function to filter to waste from the blood
Nephrons
60
Where filterration OCcurs; the process by which water and dissolved particles are pulled out of the blood
Glomerulus
61
What encloses the glomerulus; Small molecules and what I can pass through this area but large molecules cannot
Bowmans capsule
62
Tubular reabsorption
Cells in the proximal tubule remove water and nutrients from the filtrate and passed them back into the blood; waste is retained in the tubule
63
Tubular secretion
Waste that were not initially said to out in the Bowmans capsule are removed from the blood in the distal tubule
64
Loop of Henle
Concentrates to filtrate by removing more water from it, and passes it to the distal tubule
65
Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
Stimulates and maintains metabolic processes
66
Calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium level
67
Parathyroid glands
Raises blood calcium level
68
Estrogen
Located in ovaries and females; stimulates uterine lining girls; promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics
69
Progesterone
Promotes uterine lining growth
70
androgens
Found in testes; support sperm formation; promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
71
vasopressin; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Promotes a retention of water by kidneys;influences social behavior and bonding
72
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenaline, Raise blood glucose level; increase metabolic activities; constrict certain blood vessels
73
Glucocorticoids
Raise blood glucose level
74
Mineralocorticoids
Promote resorption of salt and excretion of potassium in kidneys
75
Insulin
Lowers blood glucose levels
76
Glucagon
Raises blood glucose level
77
Positive feedback
Reinforces a stimulants, leading to an even greater response example oxytocin secreting milk from mammary gland
78
Osmoregulation
animals control solute concentrations in the intestinal fluid and balance water gain and loss
79
Excretion
The process that reads the body of nitrogenous metabolites and other metabolic waste products
80
Osmolarity
Total solute concentration express as molarity, osmosis of two solutions separated by a membrane differing in osmotic pressure
81
Isoosmotic, hyperosmotic, hypo osmotic
Same osmolarity, greater concentration is hyper, more dilute solution is hypo
82
Osmo conformer
To be isoosmotic with its surroundings, marine animals
83
Osmoregulator
To control internal osmolarity independent of the environment
84
Transport epithelia
One or more layers of epithelial cells specialized for moving particular solutes in controlled amounts in specific directions
85
Cortical nephrons
Vertebrate kidney, reach only a short distance into the medulla
86
Juxtamedullary
Essential for production of urine that is hyper osmotic to blood fluids;
87
aquaPorins
Form water channels, make change for epithelium freely permeable to water

AP Bio (13 decks)

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