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AP Bio > Ch. 32 Homeostasis And Endocrine Signaling > Flashcards

Ch. 32 Homeostasis And Endocrine Signaling Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biological function

A

Physiology

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2
Q

Groups of cells with a similar appearance and a common function

A

Tissues

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3
Q

Different types of tissues are further organized into functional units

A

Organ

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4
Q

Groups of organs that work together provided an additional level of organization and coordination

A

Organ system

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5
Q

Function- food processing ( ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)

A

Digestive system

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6
Q

Function- Internal distribution of materials

A

Circulatory system

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7
Q

Function- Gas exchange ( uptake of oxygen; disposal of carbon dioxide)

A

Respiratory system

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8
Q

Function- Body defense( fighting infections and cancer)

A

Immune and lymphatic

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9
Q

Biological form

A

Anatomy

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10
Q

Disposal of metabolic wastes; regulation of osmotic balance of blood ( ex. Kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra)

A

Excretory system

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11
Q

Coordination of body activities such as digestion and metabolism (examples. Pituitary,thyroid,pancreas adrenal, and other hormone secreting glands)

A

Endocrine system

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12
Q

Reproduction (includes ovaries or testes and associated organs)

A

Reproductive system

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13
Q

Coordination of body activities; detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them (example brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs)

A

Nervous system

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14
Q

Protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration, thermoregulation ( example. Skin and it’s derivative such as hair, clause, skin glands)

A

Integumentary system

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15
Q

Body support, protection of internal organs, movement (example. Skeleton (Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage)

A

Skeletal system

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16
Q

Locomotion and other movement (skeletal muscles)

A

Muscular system

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17
Q

Closely packed cells covering the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities

A

Epithelial tissue

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18
Q

Lines the intestines secretes digestive juices and absorbs nutrients

A

Epithelium

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19
Q

Functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information

A

Nervous tissue

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20
Q

The basic unit of the nervous system, receives nerve impulses from other neurons Via it’s cell body and multiple extensions called dendrites

A

Neurons

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21
Q

Support cells of nervous tissue

A

Glial cells or glia

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22
Q

Vertebrates have three types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

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23
Q

Stranded muscle that is responsible for voluntary movements

A

Skeletal muscle

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24
Q

Lack striations and has spindle-shaped cells and found in the walls of many internal organs

A

Smooth muscle

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25
Q

Striated like the skeletal muscle, forms to contractile wall of the heart

A

Cardiac muscle

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26
Q

Consist of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix often consisting of a web of fibers in bedded in the liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation

A

Connective tissue

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27
Q

An animal Uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

A

Regulator

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28
Q

An animal that allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes

A

Conformer

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29
Q

The fluid that surrounds the body cells

A

Interstitial fluid

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30
Q

Steady-state

A

Homeostasis

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31
Q

At or near a particular value

A

Set point

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32
Q

Fluctuations in the Variable above or below the set point

A

Stimulus

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33
Q

Receptor

A

Sensor

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34
Q

A physiological activity that helps return the variable to the set point

A

Response

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35
Q

A control mechanism that reduces or damps the stimulus to return back to its set point

A

Negative feedback

36
Q

The process which animals maintain an internal temperature within a normal range

A

Thermoregulation

37
Q

humans and animals that generate heat through metabolism

A

Endothermic

38
Q

Amphibians, many fishes and nonavain reptiles that game most of their heat from external sources

A

Ectothermic

39
Q

The transfer of heat between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions

A

Countercurrent exchange

40
Q

The region where the sensors for thermoregulation are concentrated in the brain

A

Hypothalamus

41
Q

signaling molecules released into the bloodstream by endocrine cells are carried to all locations in the body with this system

A

Endocrine system

42
Q

The system where the neurons transmit signals along dedicated routes connecting specific locations in the body

A

Nervous system

43
Q

The signaling molecules broadcast throughout the body by the endocrine system

A

Hormones

44
Q

A gland located behind the stomach

A

Pancreas

45
Q

Has discrete anterior and posterior part, is signaled from the hypothalamus located at the base of it

A

Pituitary gland

46
Q

Hormones that turn often regulate other endocrine glands

A

Anterior pituitary

47
Q

An extension of hypothalamus, stores and releases two hormones synthesized by neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Oxytocin and ADH

A

Posterior pituitary

48
Q

A hormone that regulates milk released during nursing in mammals as part of the Neuroendocrine pathway

A

Oxytocin

49
Q

Hormones release from posterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamus

50
Q

Participates in regulation of biological rhythms, and what gland

A

Melatonin, Pineal gland

51
Q

Glucose

A

Blood sugar

52
Q

When blood sugar rises receptors in the bodies since a change and intern the control center the pancreas secretes what?

A

Insulin

53
Q

When blood sugar lowers his head is in a body since the change internal control center pancreas secretes what?

A

glucagon

54
Q

The out of area of the kidney is called

A

The cortex

55
Q

The in the area of the kidney

A

Renal medulla

56
Q

Renal medulla is composed of what

A

Seven cone shaped renal pyramids with the tubes visible, making up a collection of nephrons

57
Q

Renal pyramids merged to form what; In what part of the kidney

A

Renal pelvis at the center of the kidney

58
Q

Where does urine and collectand where does it drain into (two answers)

A

The renal pelvis is where collects; and drains in the ureter

59
Q

Function to filter to waste from the blood

A

Nephrons

60
Q

Where filterration OCcurs; the process by which water and dissolved particles are pulled out of the blood

A

Glomerulus

61
Q

What encloses the glomerulus; Small molecules and what I can pass through this area but large molecules cannot

A

Bowmans capsule

62
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

Cells in the proximal tubule remove water and nutrients from the filtrate and passed them back into the blood; waste is retained in the tubule

63
Q

Tubular secretion

A

Waste that were not initially said to out in the Bowmans capsule are removed from the blood in the distal tubule

64
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Concentrates to filtrate by removing more water from it, and passes it to the distal tubule

65
Q

Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)

A

Stimulates and maintains metabolic processes

66
Q

Calcitonin

A

Lowers blood calcium level

67
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Raises blood calcium level

68
Q

Estrogen

A

Located in ovaries and females; stimulates uterine lining girls; promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics

69
Q

Progesterone

A

Promotes uterine lining growth

70
Q

androgens

A

Found in testes; support sperm formation; promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

71
Q

vasopressin; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Promotes a retention of water by kidneys;influences social behavior and bonding

72
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Adrenaline, Raise blood glucose level; increase metabolic activities; constrict certain blood vessels

73
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Raise blood glucose level

74
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Promote resorption of salt and excretion of potassium in kidneys

75
Q

Insulin

A

Lowers blood glucose levels

76
Q

Glucagon

A

Raises blood glucose level

77
Q

Positive feedback

A

Reinforces a stimulants, leading to an even greater response example oxytocin secreting milk from mammary gland

78
Q

Osmoregulation

A

animals control solute concentrations in the intestinal fluid and balance water gain and loss

79
Q

Excretion

A

The process that reads the body of nitrogenous metabolites and other metabolic waste products

80
Q

Osmolarity

A

Total solute concentration express as molarity, osmosis of two solutions separated by a membrane differing in osmotic pressure

81
Q

Isoosmotic, hyperosmotic, hypo osmotic

A

Same osmolarity, greater concentration is hyper, more dilute solution is hypo

82
Q

Osmo conformer

A

To be isoosmotic with its surroundings, marine animals

83
Q

Osmoregulator

A

To control internal osmolarity independent of the environment

84
Q

Transport epithelia

A

One or more layers of epithelial cells specialized for moving particular solutes in controlled amounts in specific directions

85
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

Vertebrate kidney, reach only a short distance into the medulla

86
Q

Juxtamedullary

A

Essential for production of urine that is hyper osmotic to blood fluids;

87
Q

aquaPorins

A

Form water channels, make change for epithelium freely permeable to water

AP Bio (13 decks)

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