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AP Bio > Ch. 4 A Tour Of the Cell > Flashcards

Ch. 4 A Tour Of the Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Electron microscope

A

Focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen or onto it’s surface

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2
Q

Transmission microscope

A

Used to study the internal structure of cells

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3
Q

Scanning electron mircroscope

A

Useful for detailed study of the topography o a specimen

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4
Q

Cell fractionation

A

A useful technique for studying cells structure and function

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5
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Selective barrier around a cell

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6
Q

Cytosol

A

A semifluid, jellylike substance

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7
Q

Chromosomes

A

Carry genes in the form of DNA

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8
Q

Ribosomes

A

Tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions from the genes

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9
Q

Light microscope

A

Visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses

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10
Q

What are the characteristics that are only present in Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells?

A

Plasma membrane and ribosomes

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11
Q

What characteristics are Only Found in Eukaryotic Cells?

A

Membrane bound organelles in Cytosol and a nucleus

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12
Q

Where are prokaryotic cels found?

A

Domains bacteria and archaea

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13
Q

Where do Eukaryotic cells belong?

A

Domain Eukarya and include animals, fungi, plants, and Protists

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14
Q

What are three major details about Prokaryotes?

A
  • Singular circular chromosomes in the Nucleoid region
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • Much smaller than Eukaryotes
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15
Q

Three major details about Eukaryotes

A
  • Membrane enclosed nucleus contains the cell’s linear chromosomes
  • many membrane bound organelles are in the cytoplasm
  • larger than prokaryotes
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16
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Forms boundary for a cell

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17
Q

Plasma membrane made of …

A

Phospholipids, proteins, associated carbohydrates ( determine the function of the membrane)

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18
Q

Surface area to volume becomes less favorable as a cell ______ in size.

A

Increases

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19
Q

Organelles only found in animal cells

A

Lysosomes
Centrioles
Flagella (in some plant sperm)

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20
Q

Organelles only found in plant cells

A

Chloroplast
Central vacuole and tonoplast
Cell wall
Plasmodesmata

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21
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum ( ER )

A

Membrane synthesis and metabolic processes

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22
Q

Rough Er

A

Ribosome- studded

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23
Q

Flagellum

A

Locomotion oraganelle present in some animals cells

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24
Q

Cell jobs…

A
  • Building proteins( controls function)
  • Make energy ( growth)
  • Build more cells
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25
Q

Centrosomes

A

Microtubules are intiated, contains centrioles in animal cells

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26
Q

Microvilli

A

Projections that increase the cell’s surface area

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27
Q

Peroxisome

A

Produces hydrogen peroxide, transfers hydrogen from compounds of oxygen, break down fatty acids for mitochondria for fuel and detoxify alcohol by transferring hydrogen from the poison to oxygen

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28
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated

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29
Q

Lysosome

A

Digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed ( little stomach)
Cleans up broken down organelles ( clean up crew)

30
Q

Apoptosis

A

Lysosomes break open & kill cells

31
Q 
ATP = \_\_\_\_\_\_ energy 
Carbohydrates = \_\_\_\_\_\_ energy
A

Active

Stored

32
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products

33
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small dots that make proteins; free in cytoplasm

34
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane enclosing nucleus, continuous with rough ER

35
Q

Nucleolus

A

Production of ribosomes

36
Q

Chromatin

A

Material consisting of DNA and proteins

37
Q

Cell wall

A

Outer layer of plant cell that maintains cell’s shape and protects cells from mechanical damage (made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein)

38
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

39
Q

Chloroplast

A

Photosynthetic organelle, converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules

40
Q

Central vacuoles

A

Membrane bound vesicles, Functions in storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules

41
Q

Mitochondria contains …….

A

Inter membrane, outer membrane, inner member, cristae, matrix, DNA, free ribosomes

42
Q

Cristae

A

Folds in mitochondria, increase surface area, enhancing productivity of cellular respiration

43
Q

Mito. Matrix

A

Fluid filled and many of the reactions I celluar respiration occur here

44
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

Proposes that both mitochondria and chloroplasts share a similar orgin, organelles descended from prokaryotic cells once engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotic cells

45
Q

Microtubules

A

Made of protein tubulin, largest of the cytoskeleton fibers

Support and shape the cell

46
Q

Microfilaments

A

Composed of protein actin, movement

47
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

More permanent fixtures in the cell, and fixing the position if certain oraganelles

48
Q

Cilia

A

Used locomotion, lining of trachea moves mucus- trapped debris out of lungs

49
Q

Extracellular Matrix ( ECM)

A

Composed of glycoproteins secreted by the cell, strengthens tissues and serves as a conduit for transmitting external stimuli into the cell/ turning genes on and modify biochemical activity

50
Q

Tight junctions

A

Sections of an animal cell membrane where two neighboring cells fused, making the membranes watertight

51
Q

Desmosomes

A

Fasten adjacent Animal cells together like strong sheets

52
Q

Gap junctions

A

Provide channels between adjacent animal cells through which ions, sugars , communication molecules, and other small molecules can pass

53
Q

Food vacuole

A

Phagocytosis, fuse with lysosomes

54
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

Maintain water balance in Paramecia and other Protists

55
Q

Mitochondria = Chloroplast

A

Double membrane structure
Own ribosomes and circular DNA molecules
Reproduce independently within the cell

56
Q

How is the Cell’s compartmental structure is crucial to it’s function?

A

The enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide and those that dispose of toxic compounds are separate from the other cellular components that could be damaged

57
Q

Chemical force

A

Ion’s concentration gradient

58
Q

Voltage gradient

A

Attracts positively charged ions and repels negatively charged ions

59
Q

Reception

A

The target cell’s digestion of a signal molecule coming from the outside

60
Q

Transduction

A

The conversion of the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response

61
Q

Response

A

The specific cellular response to the signal molecule

62
Q

Ligand

A

Binding between the signal molecule

63
Q

Intracellular response

A

Found inside plasma membrane or nucleus, signal molecule must cross the plasma membrane and therefore must be hydrophobic, like steroid hormone testosterone

64
Q

Plasma membrane receptors

A

Bind to water soluble Ligands

65
Q

Phosphorylation cascade

A

Signal transduction pathways

66
Q

Protein kinases

A

An enzyme that transfers phosphate group from ATP to a protein, signaling turn on

67
Q

Protein phosphatases

A

Enzymes that remove phosphate groups and inactive protein kinases, signal turned off

68
Q

Second messengers

A

Small, non protein water soluble molecules

69
Q

Types of of second messengers

A

Calcium ions and cyclic AMP (cAMP)

70
Q

Ligand gates ion channels

A

A membrane to open and close, regulating the flow of specific ions

AP Bio (13 decks)

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