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AP Bio > Ch. 4 A Tour Of the Cell > Flashcards

Ch. 4 A Tour Of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Electron microscope

A

Focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen or onto it’s surface

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2
Q

Transmission microscope

A

Used to study the internal structure of cells

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3
Q

Scanning electron mircroscope

A

Useful for detailed study of the topography o a specimen

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4
Q

Cell fractionation

A

A useful technique for studying cells structure and function

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5
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Selective barrier around a cell

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6
Q

Cytosol

A

A semifluid, jellylike substance

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7
Q

Chromosomes

A

Carry genes in the form of DNA

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8
Q

Ribosomes

A

Tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions from the genes

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9
Q

Light microscope

A

Visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses

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10
Q

What are the characteristics that are only present in Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells?

A

Plasma membrane and ribosomes

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11
Q

What characteristics are Only Found in Eukaryotic Cells?

A

Membrane bound organelles in Cytosol and a nucleus

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12
Q

Where are prokaryotic cels found?

A

Domains bacteria and archaea

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13
Q

Where do Eukaryotic cells belong?

A

Domain Eukarya and include animals, fungi, plants, and Protists

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14
Q

What are three major details about Prokaryotes?

A
  • Singular circular chromosomes in the Nucleoid region
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • Much smaller than Eukaryotes
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15
Q

Three major details about Eukaryotes

A
  • Membrane enclosed nucleus contains the cell’s linear chromosomes
  • many membrane bound organelles are in the cytoplasm
  • larger than prokaryotes
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16
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Forms boundary for a cell

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17
Q

Plasma membrane made of …

A

Phospholipids, proteins, associated carbohydrates ( determine the function of the membrane)

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18
Q

Surface area to volume becomes less favorable as a cell ______ in size.

A

Increases

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19
Q

Organelles only found in animal cells

A

Lysosomes
Centrioles
Flagella (in some plant sperm)

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20
Q

Organelles only found in plant cells

A

Chloroplast
Central vacuole and tonoplast
Cell wall
Plasmodesmata

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21
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum ( ER )

A

Membrane synthesis and metabolic processes

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22
Q

Rough Er

A

Ribosome- studded

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23
Q

Flagellum

A

Locomotion oraganelle present in some animals cells

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24
Q

Cell jobs…

A
  • Building proteins( controls function)
  • Make energy ( growth)
  • Build more cells
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25
Centrosomes
Microtubules are intiated, contains centrioles in animal cells
26
Microvilli
Projections that increase the cell's surface area
27
Peroxisome
Produces hydrogen peroxide, transfers hydrogen from compounds of oxygen, break down fatty acids for mitochondria for fuel and detoxify alcohol by transferring hydrogen from the poison to oxygen
28
Mitochondrion
Cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated
29
Lysosome
Digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed ( little stomach) Cleans up broken down organelles ( clean up crew)
30
Apoptosis
Lysosomes break open & kill cells
31
``` ATP = ______ energy Carbohydrates = ______ energy ```
Active | Stored
32
Golgi apparatus
Active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products
33
Ribosomes
Small dots that make proteins; free in cytoplasm
34
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane enclosing nucleus, continuous with rough ER
35
Nucleolus
Production of ribosomes
36
Chromatin
Material consisting of DNA and proteins
37
Cell wall
Outer layer of plant cell that maintains cell's shape and protects cells from mechanical damage (made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein)
38
Plasmodesmata
Channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
39
Chloroplast
Photosynthetic organelle, converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules
40
Central vacuoles
Membrane bound vesicles, Functions in storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules
41
Mitochondria contains .......
Inter membrane, outer membrane, inner member, cristae, matrix, DNA, free ribosomes
42
Cristae
Folds in mitochondria, increase surface area, enhancing productivity of cellular respiration
43
Mito. Matrix
Fluid filled and many of the reactions I celluar respiration occur here
44
Endosymbiont theory
Proposes that both mitochondria and chloroplasts share a similar orgin, organelles descended from prokaryotic cells once engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotic cells
45
Microtubules
Made of protein tubulin, largest of the cytoskeleton fibers | Support and shape the cell
46
Microfilaments
Composed of protein actin, movement
47
Intermediate filaments
More permanent fixtures in the cell, and fixing the position if certain oraganelles
48
Cilia
Used locomotion, lining of trachea moves mucus- trapped debris out of lungs
49
Extracellular Matrix ( ECM)
Composed of glycoproteins secreted by the cell, strengthens tissues and serves as a conduit for transmitting external stimuli into the cell/ turning genes on and modify biochemical activity
50
Tight junctions
Sections of an animal cell membrane where two neighboring cells fused, making the membranes watertight
51
Desmosomes
Fasten adjacent Animal cells together like strong sheets
52
Gap junctions
Provide channels between adjacent animal cells through which ions, sugars , communication molecules, and other small molecules can pass
53
Food vacuole
Phagocytosis, fuse with lysosomes
54
Contractile vacuoles
Maintain water balance in Paramecia and other Protists
55
Mitochondria = Chloroplast
Double membrane structure Own ribosomes and circular DNA molecules Reproduce independently within the cell
56
How is the Cell's compartmental structure is crucial to it's function?
The enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide and those that dispose of toxic compounds are separate from the other cellular components that could be damaged
57
Chemical force
Ion's concentration gradient
58
Voltage gradient
Attracts positively charged ions and repels negatively charged ions
59
Reception
The target cell's digestion of a signal molecule coming from the outside
60
Transduction
The conversion of the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response
61
Response
The specific cellular response to the signal molecule
62
Ligand
Binding between the signal molecule
63
Intracellular response
Found inside plasma membrane or nucleus, signal molecule must cross the plasma membrane and therefore must be hydrophobic, like steroid hormone testosterone
64
Plasma membrane receptors
Bind to water soluble Ligands
65
Phosphorylation cascade
Signal transduction pathways
66
Protein kinases
An enzyme that transfers phosphate group from ATP to a protein, signaling turn on
67
Protein phosphatases
Enzymes that remove phosphate groups and inactive protein kinases, signal turned off
68
Second messengers
Small, non protein water soluble molecules
69
Types of of second messengers
Calcium ions and cyclic AMP (cAMP)
70
Ligand gates ion channels
A membrane to open and close, regulating the flow of specific ions

AP Bio (13 decks)

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