Ch. 14 Gene Expression: From Gene To Protein Flashcards
What type of cells undergo transcription and translation?
Bacterial, archaeal, eukaryotic cells
DNA directs the synthesis of proteins
Gene expression
The synthesis of RNA complementary to template strand of DNA
Transcription
Provides a nucleotide to nucleotide transfer of information
Template strand
The synthesis of a polypeptide whose amino acid sequence is specified by the nucleotide sequence in mRNA
Translation
Encode as a sequence of nonoverlaping nucleotide triplets
Codons
Codons must be read in the correct….
Reading frame
Links RNA nucleotide complementary to a DNA template strand
RNA polymerase
Intiates where RNA synthesis starts
Promoter
Help eukaryotic RNA polymerase recognize promoter sequences
Transcription factors
RNA splicing, 5’ cap and poly-a- tail all are included in…
RNA processing
Removed part of the mRNA
Introns
Joined part of mRNA
Exons
Introns are removed and exons are joined during what process?
RNA splicing
Introns are removed and exons are joined by what mechanism?
Spliceosomes
Catalytic ability of some RNA molecules
Ribozymes
A cell translates mRNA message into a protein using what?
tRNA
An enzyme that bound a specific amino acid with a tRNA
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
A ribosome is made up of..,
rRNA and proteins
The formation of peptide bonds between amino acids is catalyzes by rRNA as tRNA move through…
A, P, E site
Changes in one DNA nucleotide pair
Point mutations
The replacement of one nucleotide and it’s partner with another pair of nucleotides
Nucleotide-pair substitution
A change in a nucleotide pair that translates the codon to the same amino acid
Silent mutation
Substitutions that change one amino acid to another one
Missense mutations
Targets the protein to the ER
Signal peptide
An escort that brings the ribosome to a receptor protein built into the ER membrane
Signal- recognition particle
A change in a codon for an amino acid into a stop codon
Nonsense mutation
Additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene
Insertions and deletions
Altering the reading frame of the genetic message wherever the # of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not multiple of three
Frameshift mutation
Physical and chemical agents that cause damage to DNA and alters genes
Mutagens
Definition of a gene
A gene is a region of DNA that can be expressed to produce a final functional product that is either a polypeptide or an RNA molecule
